Generic symbol of German railway wagons

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The generic symbols were used by the German railway companies to identify the properties of their freight and passenger cars . These letters identify the main technical features of each car .

In both German railroad administrations, this system was replaced by the UIC marking for passenger coaches and the UIC marking for freight wagons by January 1, 1968 at the latest .

definition

The name usually consists of two parts:

  • The main category symbol in front consists of at least one capital letter (rarely also with lower case letters in the sense of an abbreviation), designates the category of the wagon and thus enables a rough assignment to a certain type of wagon.
  • This is usually followed by one or more secondary generic characters , which are always lowercase letters, encoding the precise characteristics of the wagons.

The entire string of major and minor characters is called the generic character . The Deutsche Bundesbahn changed the nomenclature in 1952: The previous main generic symbols were called group symbols from then on , the subsidiary symbols were only subsidiary symbols .

In both German railway administrations, the DB and the DR , this system was replaced by the UIC marking for passenger coaches and the UIC marking for freight wagons by January 1, 1968 at the latest . Often both names were written in parallel for a few years. To distinguish it, a point was placed in front of the international designation on the DR freight cars.

Today you can still find the German generic symbols on narrow-gauge rail freight cars, as these mostly did not have a UIC marking , as well as on many historical vehicles.

development

Generic symbols were introduced by the Prussian State Railways for freight wagons around 1890 and for passenger coaches around 1902 , and later also used by other regional railways . Again, many state and private railways had their own designation systems.

After the establishment of the Deutsche Reichsbahn , the formerly Prussian system became binding throughout Germany in 1921. Over the years, there have been repeated adjustments and changes that cannot always be precisely determined in detail. This leads to partly contradicting information about the validity periods of the generic symbols in the literature. In these cases, the following tables always indicate the earliest recorded year for the introduction and the latest known year for the end of validity.

Meaning of the abbreviations used:

Main generic symbol for passenger coaches

validity meaning
A. 1st class passenger car
B. 2nd class passenger car
BB 1928 to 1938 former BC (C compartments retrofitted with upholstery for 2nd class)
BD since 1966 Half baggage car with second class seats
C. until 1956 3rd class passenger car
CC 1928 to 1956 former CD (D compartments retrofitted with benches for 3rd class)
D. until 1928 4th class passenger car
from 1962 Baggage cart
service DR; DB until 1956 Service dare
D ... from 1952 (DB and DR) D ouble stock cars , Doppelstockzug (prefixed with the other main characters)
DG ... from 1957 (DR) D oppelstock- G liederzug, preceded by the other main characters
DGR from 1958 (DR) Buffet car for the double-decker articulated train
DPost 1962 to 1992 (DB) united baggage and mail car
K ... from 1922 Narrow-gauge coaches (only in combination with A , B , C , D , Pw , Post )
... K from 1954 (DR) Coaches with K üche (not in combination with WL , WR )
... L 1933 to 1956 L okalbahnwagen (only in combination with B , C , Pw , Post )
from 1957 (DB) L iegewagen
L ... from 1957 (DB) L okalbahnwagen (only in combination with B , C , Pw , Post )
... L (Z) 1954–1970 (DR) Cart with L autsprechern for Z ugfunk
M ... from 1943
(DR until 1954, DB until 2000) 		War-type makeshift coaches (only in combination with B , C , Pw )
M. 1954–1970 (DR) Freight wagon type passenger cars, abolished with the changeover to EDP numbers
MD DR since 1970 single-decker luggage trolley for car transport
MDD DR since 1970 double-decker luggage trolley for car transport
P until 1927 P ackwagen (not to be used for passenger cars with a luggage compartment, use the additional generic symbol p , see below)
from 1928 P rivatwagen
post Office until 2000 Post wagen (until 1927 not to be used for passenger and luggage wagons with a post compartment , instead use the secondary generic symbol post , see below)
Pw 1928 to 1962 Luggage trolleys ( P ack w agen)
PwPost until 1962 (DB) united baggage and mail car
Pwg until 1992 (DB) Freight train luggage wagons
… R from 1956 (DB) Car with dining compartment (not in combination with WR )
S. from 1972 (DB) S alonwagen
S ... from 1928
(DR until 1945) 		S onderreisezugwagen for FD-trains (only in combination with A , B , C , Post , Pw , WR )
... p from 1954 (DR) S onderwagen
Sdr from 1945 (DR) S on d he r eisezugwagen
salon DR; DB until 1972 Salon dare
sleep until 1927 Dare to sleep
food until 1927 Dining cars (not to be used for passenger car with the dining room, the sub-class characters instead food , s. U.)
Flat share from ??? (DB) Social car
WGS from 1972 to 2000 (DB) Social car with special facilities
WL ... from 1928 Sleeping car - " w agon- l it" ( preceded by the other main characters)
WR from 1928 Dining car - " w agon- r estaurant"
Wf from 1952 (DB) Cinema car
Z from 1928 Z elle venture
  • Identification of coach bogie wagons until 1927:
    No differentiation was made until at least 1902. The last letter of the main genre was later doubled (e.g. BC → BCC ), with the exception of the genera post , salon , sleep and food .
  • Identification of the number of axles on passenger coaches from 1928:
    In the case of coaches with more than two axles, the number of axles was specified as a digit after the main generic symbol. A four-axle BC car was no longer called BCC but BC4 . This also made it possible to identify three-axle and multi-axle passenger coaches. With the introduction of the EDP numbers between 1966 and 1970, bogie passenger coaches were considered the norm, since then the DR has marked two- and three-axle passenger coaches with the auxiliary characters aa and a.

Main type designation for freight wagons

Validity period
(if restricted) 		Meaning of the main generic sign
BT from 1949 Wholesale B ehälter- T ragwagen
G G edeckter freight cars
H from 1924 Turntable wagon (long timber wagon)
HH until 1923 Long hours olzwagenpaar
K K lappdeckelwagen
M. from around 1957 (DR) Covered freight car with special equipment for personnel transport
N 1911 to 1921 Covered freight car or optional wagon with air brake or air line for high-speed trains
O O ffener freight cars
Pwg from 1933 Ge p Aeck w recite for G üterzüge
R. from 1914 R ungenwagen
S. Flatcar ( S chien dare)
T from 1943 Refrigerated car ( T hermoswagen)
V Dump truck for small livestock
VO until 1921 O ffener V iehwagen (for livestock)
X Open work car
Z from 1951 (DR) Tank car ( Z isternenwagen)
ZM 1945 to 1950 Tank wagons for the transportation of mineral oil
  • Marking of bogie wagons:
    Here the main generic symbol was usually duplicated (e.g. S → SS ). The distinction was only omitted for Dgw and ZM , while for BT , H , Pwg , V and VO no bogie wagons existed. The main generic symbol RR was only used by the DR for the RRym wagons ; all other bogie flat cars belonged to the main type SS .

Subsidiary symbol for passenger coaches

The auxiliary characters for passenger coaches are not standardized internationally, but since the introduction of the twelve-digit EDP coach numbers, efforts to standardize them have been made.

Validity period meaning
a from 1970 (DR) Trolley with three axles
aa from 1970 (DR) Car with two axles
b until 1953 (DB) with storage of skis
from 1953 (DB) with additional B remsleitung and electrical control line (omitted for railcar designs and f )
DR from 1970 B ehelfs Reisezugwagen built between 1943 and 1945 in freight car design
from 1992 b Disabled-friendly equipment
bu until 1992 Bu ffetwagen or dining car with buffet compartment
c 1954 (DR) Makeshift coaches of the freight wagon type (only as Mci , previously MCi )
DB from 1957, DR from 1958 Passenger car deck wagon type ( c ouchette)
d 1928 to 1937 Former D , then unchanged in higher car class in action
from 1992 Multipurpose room or bicycle parking space
e until 1927 Passenger car with two E days
from 1954 (DR)
from 1957 (DB)
abolished in 1986 		with e lectrical train heating (DB: deleted when m )
(e) from 1957 (DB) with e lectrical heating
ee DR 1970-1992 Passenger carriages with a central power supply from the train bus
f DB from 1957, DR from 1992 Control car with F ührerstand for pull trains , additional brake pipe and electrical control line
DR Push-pull train command car (auxiliary control car for indirect control)
G until 1927 Luggage carts only suitable for G üterzüge (only in combination with P )
1928 to 1952 former g edeckter freight cars for transporting passengers (only Dgi or CGI )
from 1952 (DB) G ummiwülste instead of the bellows (only in combination with ü or y )
from 1962 (DR) with rubber bead transitions , with express train coaches also with side aisle; is not used for wagons with the suffix m.
H from 1962 (DB) electric H eizung, energy supply over axle-driven
from 1970 (DR) four- and multi-axle passenger coaches with central aisle and coach transitions ( not applicable to a and aa )
i Passage cars with open car crossings
from 1998 I nterregiowagen
k 1928 to 1953 (DR)
1928 to 1992 (DB) 		with K üche (omitted for WL , WR )
from 1992 Economic or K üchenabteil (in A , AB , B )
from 1992 Self-service or with a buffet section instead of the dining room (for AR , BR , WR )
kr from 1928 with Kr Anke compartment and convertible with a medical compartment compartments
l from 1957 (DB) l eichte, four-axle express or passenger car of the type unit with less than 30 tons deadweight
m until 1952 (DB) Sitting car with central entry
until 1952 (DB) at Pw made up of 2 MCi cars
from 1952 (DB)
from 1962 (DR) 		Length over 24 m
from 1976 (DB) Length over 24 m for long-distance traffic (including ü )
from 1992 (DB and DR) Length over 24.5 m;
DB in addition: ten closed compartments first class ( A ), five closed compartments first and six closed second class compartments ( AB ), twelve closed second class compartments ( B ), six closed second class compartments ( BD )
mm since 2014 modernized cars from the IC mod program
n from 1962 Length over 24.5 m, two central entrances, large room with central aisle in the second class, central or side aisle in the first class, suitable for push-pull train operation (36-pin control line)
O 1954 to 1970 (DR) with O fenheizung
DR 1970-1992 Second class passenger coach without upholstered seats
DR from 1992 fewer compartments (compared to DB wagons) and no air conditioning
p until 1927 Passenger car Ge p äckraum
from 1962 (DB) Großraumwagen ( P ullmanwagen)
post Office until 1927 Passenger or baggage car with a post compartment
q DR from 1970 Control car for direct push-pull train control (with the second modernization stage, the double-decker single car is replaced by f and u)
r from 1967 (DR) Passenger carriages with a buffet or dining room
DB KE-GPR high-performance brake, only in use with "n" or "Post"
s from 1957 (DB and DR) DB: closed S eitengang in first-class or luggage carts (only in combination with i or y ) ;
DR: luggage cart or luggage room with side aisle
Sleeping car with individual compartments (only in combination with WL , S ingle)
from 1992 S erviceabteil (in compartment car)
food until 1927 Coaches with dining room
tr from 1928 for T raglasten suitable or with load compartment
u 1933 to 1937 u mgerüstete former C , now equipped with cushions as B in use and
former D , now equipped with benches as C in use
DR from 1970 Car with push-pull train control line (since 1992 with 34-pin control line)
uu from 1991 Car equipped with 36-pin push-pull train control line ( n includes this feature)
ü DB from 1976 Bogie wagons with passage and closed Ü bergängen (for Schnellzugwagen ), applicable for m
up from 1939
(DB only until 1953) 		Bogie wagons with passage and closed Ü bergängen (for P ersonen- and Eilzugwagen )
v 1939 to ??? Passenger cars with makeshift wooden benches
from 1962 (DB) v ergrößerte compartments (lower number)
DR from 1970 v ierteilige double floor unit
w 1957 to 1961 (DB) Upholstered seats also in (new) second class (not applicable to rail buses, m and yg )
DR from 1970 light four-axle passenger coaches with a net weight of up to 32 t
from 2012 (DB) significantly reduced number of compartments in second class (declassified first class)
x DB from 1978 S-Bahn wagons with more than two access doors on each side (mostly three doors), mainly used in the Ruhr area
DR from 1992 two-part double-decker unit (replacement for the z required for the central energy supply )
y from 1957 (DB) Express or passenger wagons with closed passages and a central aisle or an open side aisle
from 1975 (DB) Express or passenger wagons with bellows transitions, open space and central aisle
from 1991 Length over 24.5 m, two central entrances, large room with central aisle in the second class, central or side aisle in the first class, suitable for push-pull train operation (34-pole (u), 36-pole (uu), time division (z) push-pull train control line)
z DR 1970 to 1992 z double-decker unit
DB from 1962

DR from 1992

Coaches with central power supply from the Z ugsammelschiene
DB from 1972

DR from 1992

Equipment with Z eitmultiplexer shuttle train

Subsidiary symbol for freight wagons

Description of the load weight

Two and three-axle cars

in connection with main generic symbols Validity period meaning
m all until 1910 at least 15 t load weight
1911 to 1923 at least 15 t but less than 20 t load weight
mm all at least 20 t load weight
m G, H, K, O, R, S, V, X from 1924 At least (from 1937 exactly) 20 t load weight
BT from 1951 (DB) Load limit 26.5 t
mm G, K, O, R, X from 1937 more than 20 t load weight
BT from 1951 (DB) Load limit more than 26.5 t
w all until 1923 w ess than 10 t load weight
G, H, O, S, T, V, X from 1924 Less than 15 t load weight and not tiltable

Four and multi-axle wagons (including HH wagons)

in connection with main generic symbols Validity period meaning
m GG, HH, OO, SS until 1910 at least 20 t load weight
1911 to 1923 at least 30 t load weight
SS 1933 to 1950 at least 50 t load weight (not applicable for SSt and SSy , see below)
from 1950 (DB) at least 35 t loading weight (not applicable for SSt and SSy , see below)
RR, SS from 1965 (DR) over 50 t load weight (partially replaces y , p. below )
mm RR, SS from 1965 (DR) over 80 t loading weight (partially replaces ym , see below)
w GG, HH, OO, SS until 1923 less than 20 t load weight
GG, KK, OO from 1924 w ess than 30 t load weight
SS less than 35 t load weight

Description of the loading length and loading area

in connection with main generic symbols Validity period meaning
k S. from 1924 Loading length k ürzer than 13 m
SS Loading length shorter than 15 m
l all except SS until 1910 at least 7 m L adelänge and 17 m² loading area
all except R and SS 1911 to 1923 at least 8 m loading length
SS until 1923 more than 12 m L adelänge
1924 to 1932 more than 15 m loading length (not applicable for SSt and SSy , see below)
from 1933 more than 18 m loading length (not applicable for SSt and SSy , see below)
G 1924 to 1937 at least 24 m² L adefläche
from 1937 at least 26 m² loading space
K from 1960 (DB) at least 33 m² loading area
O from 1951 at least 10 m L adelänge
X from 1951 (DB) at least 8 m loading length

Description of properties relevant to train formation

in connection with main generic symbols Validity period meaning
b G, R, T
BT 		from 1943
from 1949 		Ferry b ootwagen for the German-English Fährbootsverkehr (smaller gauge )
e all from 1924 with e lectrical heating
ee all from 1933
(DR only until 1950) 		with e lectrical heating line and e lectrical heating
f all 1924 to 1942 F ährbootwagen for the German-English Fährbootsverkehr (smaller gauge)
H all except ZM from 1924 with steam h eizleitung
hh G, GG, T from 1933 with steam h eizleitung and steam h eizung
n G, V, VO until 1923 with air brake or air line , steam line or other equipment, making it suitable for use as a baggage car or in passenger trains (some formed the main category N from 1911 , see above)
q all from 1951 (DR) without a continuous towing device (zero-zero wagon), load weight reduced
r all from 1924 Transfer car for the transition to r ussian F broad gauge (omitted for SSy , s. U.)
s G, R, SSy, T 1933 to 1950 suitable for trains to 90 km / h ( " s chnell")
GG, RR, TT suitable for trains up to 120 km / h
G, R, SSy, T from 1951 (DR) suitable for trains up to 100 km / h
GG, TT suitable for trains up to 120 km / h
all from 1951 (DB) suitable for trains up to 100 km / h
u X until 1914 u ngeeignet for trains public transport
[u] O, HH, S / SS, X until 1921 u ngeeignet for loading military vehicles
u all 1939 to 1948 u ngeeignet for military transports

Description of specific properties of individual types of wagons

Covered wagons (classes G / GG, N)

Validity period meaning
f until 1923 with stalls for luxury f erde
G from 1951 (DB) with bottom flaps for emptying bulk goods
i 1911 to 1927 (?) with end platforms, suitable for passenger transport
k 1924 to 1943 with K ühleinrichtung (some made from 1943, the principal class T , s. o.)
from 1951 (DR) K ühlwagen older design
kü from 1957 (DR) with smoke outlet, can be used as a kitchen trolley
ll from 1933 two cars closely coupled to form a Leig unit
p from 1924
(DB only until 1950) 		three-axle, dead weight 16 t
t from 1924 with end wall t üren
drove from 1933 to 1960 Goods drove cars (remained after the war all on the DB)
u from 1948 (DB) u ngeeignet passenger transport
v 1924 to 1932 with end doors and a special ventilation device for V iehbeförderung
from 1933 Stable wagon with companion compartment
x from 1951 (DR) with fixed walls, for transporting grain

Turntable wagons (type H / HH)

in connection with main generic symbols Validity period meaning
O H from 1924
(DR only until 1950) 		o hne stanchions, only paired usable
s H / HH until 1950 domed s tangen
z HH until 1923 with Z sink on the turning stools

Open wagons (categories K / KK, O / OO, VO, X / XX)

in connection with main generic symbols Validity period meaning
c O until 1910 " C ocwagen": with raised walls, so that an amount of hard coal coke corresponding to the load can be loaded
from 1911 Maximum load weight of 15 t, wooden walls of at least 1.30 m but less than 1.90 m in height
f O / OO from 1951 (provided with rotatable and foldable head flaps F ahrzeugbeförderung)
G O 1924 to 1950 with high, solid G atterwänden
G K from 1957 (DB) with sliding walls ( sliding roof sliding wall trolley )
i O / OO from 1951 (DB) Muldenk i ppwagen
k O / OO until 1923 with K opfwänden, which are rotatable about an upper pivot and permit a crash of the charge on tilting
k O from 1933 K ill carriage (two or three removable bucket, 25 t load weight)
OO from 1951 (DB) Kübelwagen (four or five removable buckets)
from 1951 (DR) Carrier trolley for large containers
k K from 1951 (DB) k Ranbar (sunroof sawn with crane and dischargeable)
n O / OO from 1951 (DR) n iedrige side walls, 40-80 cm high
OO / KK until 1927 (DR) Freight wagons with air brakes or air lines
O X / XX from 1914
(DR only until 1950) 		with walls more than 40 cm high
p O / OO from 1924 not tiltable, at least 15 t load weight, walls up to 1.90 m high
q O / OO until 1923 with removable headboards
t K / KK, O / OO,
X / XX 		not
limited 		with T judges bottom flaps inclined bottom surfaces or side flaps to self-discharge, not tiltable, X-wagons additionally with removable end walls
u from 1948 (DB) cannot be withdrawn
v O from 1924 with wooden walls more than 190 cm high, without tilting device (ex. main category VO , see above)
y X 1914 to 1923 with special devices for rapid unloading, mounting, etc.
z O, VO until 1923 especially sealed, therefore suitable for peat litter or similar
O / OO from 1933 for He , for transport suitable (special sealing)

Flat wagons (classes R / RR, S / SS)

in connection with main generic symbols Validity period meaning
a SS from 1933 open brakeman's position, platform railing can be folded down (not applicable to SSy )
O R. from 1933 without stanchions
Ru Ol, Sl 1911 to 1913 at least 10 m in length and with stanchions (formed the main type R from 1914 , see above)
t S / SS from 1924 T iefladewagen
y SS from 1942 Heavy truck with 50 t load weight; Loading length 8.8 m (9.5 m with the platform railing lowered), open brakeman's position, transfer car for broad gauge
ym SS from 1942 Heavy goods vehicles with> 50 t (DB from 1951:> 80 t) loading weight; Loading length 11.2 m (11.9 m with the platform railing lowered), open brakeman's position, transfer car for broad gauge
RR from 1951 (DR) RRym wagon : load weight> 80 t, load length 14.36 m, foldable side walls, open brakeman's position, stage railings can be lowered
yl
ly 		SS from 1951 (DB)
from 1964 (DR) 		Loading weight> 50 t, loading length> 11.9 m

Remarks:

  • For all designations with y, the secondary symbols a , l , m , r and s are omitted .
  • From 1965 onwards, the designations with y were no longer used for the freight wagons of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and instead the corresponding other secondary generic symbols - a , l , m (> 50 t) / mm (> 80 t) and s - were used. It is not known whether the redrawing was consistent. Sometimes both versions were written in parallel.

Refrigerator car (type T / TT)

Validity period meaning
f from 1943 Only Lake f ic
G Only G efriergut
gg only for frozen food and dry ice
k from 1943 (DR) K ühlmaschinenwagen
from 1951 (DB) k is an insulation value
kk from 1951 (DB) insulated milk can trolley
n from 1943 n ot suitable for the frozen
O o teeth gambrel
v electrical V entilatoren

Crate wagon (type V)

Validity period meaning
e until 1910 Meet with E
1911 to 1921 with slatted walls and two floors
G 1911 to 1932 with intermediate plates to G änse transport (always in combination with to 1921 s used)
from 1933 with four floors
p from 1922 without a facility to change the loading area
z until 1921 with facility for changing the loading area

Tank wagons (classes ZM, Z / ZZ)

in connection with main generic symbols Validity period meaning
d Z / ZZ from 1951 (DR) with heating coil or heating tub
H ZM 1945 to 1950 (DR) with H eizschlangen
i ZM, Z / ZZ from 1945 (DR) with I solierung
s ZM 1945 to 1950 (DR) for carriage s chwarzer mineral oils
w ZM, Z / ZZ from 1945 (DR) for carriage w Creamer mineral oils ( fuels )
Z / ZZ from 1965 (DR) only for fuels

See also

literature

  • Stefan Carstens, Rudolf Ossig: Freight Cars Volume 1 . MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg 2000, ISBN 978-3-89610-250-8 .
  • P. and S. Wagner: Passenger Car Archive 1. transpress, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-344-00170-1 .
  • Helmut Behrends, Wolfgang Hensel, Gerhard Wiedau: Güterwagen-Archiv 1.transpress, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-344-00184-1 .
  • Helmut Behrends, Wolfgang Hensel, Gerhard Wiedau: Güterwagen-Archiv 2. transpress, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-344-00330-5 .
  • Peter Wagner, Sigrid Wagner, Joachim Deppmeyer: Passenger coaches 1. Seat and luggage coaches. transpress 1993, ISBN 3-344-70783-3 .
  • Deutsche Bundesbahn: freight wagons, large containers, road scooters . Advertising and information office for passenger and goods traffic, Frankfurt (Main) 1965.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Helmut Behrends, Wolfgang Hensel, Gerhard Wiedau: Güterwagen-Archiv 2.transpress, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-344-00330-5 , p. 242 ff.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Helmut Behrends, Wolfgang Hensel, Gerhard Wiedau: Güterwagen-Archiv 1.transpress, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-344-00184-1 , p. 29 ff.
  3. ↑ a b Factory photo of a four-axle Prussian express train car from 1902 with the name AB on the front in: Theurich: 160 years of wagon construction in Görlitz . ISBN 978-3-88255-564-6
  4. ↑ a b Stefan Carstens, Rudolf Ossig: Freight Cars Volume 1 . MIBA-Verlag, Nuremberg 2000, ISBN 978-3-89610-250-8 , p. 110 ff.
  5. ^ P. and S. Wagner: Reisezugwagen-Archiv 1. transpress, Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-344-00170-1 , p. 115ff.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Wolfgang Diener: Painting and designation of multiple units and passenger coaches. VGB Verlagsgruppe Bahn, Fürstenfeldbruck 2014, ISBN 978-3-8375-1160-4 , pp. 175–177
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Diener: Painting and designation of motor coaches and passenger coaches. VGB Verlagsgruppe Bahn, Fürstenfeldbruck 2014, ISBN 978-3-8375-1160-4 , p. 164
  8. ↑ Wolfgang Diener: Painting and designation of motor coaches and passenger coaches. VGB Verlagsgruppe Bahn, Fürstenfeldbruck 2014, ISBN 978-3-8375-1160-4 , pp. 144–145
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Wolfgang Diener: Painting and designation of motor coaches and passenger coaches. VGB Verlagsgruppe Bahn, Fürstenfeldbruck 2014, ISBN 978-3-8375-1160-4 , pp. 198–199
  10. ^ Stefan Carstens, Paul Scheller, Harald Westermann: Güterwagen Volume 6 . MIBA-Verlag, Fürstenfeldbruck 2011. P. 6 ff.