Diaochi

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Heinz Fähnrich describes Diaochi (also Diauchi, Georgian დიაოხი or დიაუხი) as an ancient Georgian kingdom . It then existed from the 13th century BC. Until the middle of the 8th century BC BC and was in the northeast of today's Turkey on the Black Sea .

Development of the state

According to the ensign, the empire emerged from a union of various Cartwian tribes in the 13th century BC. It was established by an economic boom in the 2nd millennium BC. . BC and the southern neighboring countries, particularly the Hittite Empire , Mitanni , Muschkerreich and Assyria favored. Metallurgy and animal husbandry were highly developed in the country .

Ensign Diaochi wants to Daiaeni , one of from Assyrian inscriptions known Nairi identify -countries, but usually between Tur Abdin and the southern shore of Lake Van are located. The first conflict between Daiaeni and Assur took place with the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I (1245-1209). From the 12th century, Daiaeni was the strongest of the Nairi lands, according to the ensign. At the time of the Tiglath Pilesar I campaign , Sieni was king of Daiaeni (clay prism). Since he is the only one mentioned by name in the war report, Daiaeni presumably led the alliance, according to the ensign. The king was brought to Assyria and released again, but Tiglatpilesar did not succeed in subjugating Daiaeni permanently. In the 9th century BC There were again Assyrian advances to Nairi. When in the year 845 BC The Assyrian king Shalmanasar III. moved against the Nairi lands, Asia, king of the Daiaeni, also paid homage to him. However, when Urartu became stronger again, it pushed Assyria back so that Assyria could not subjugate Daiaeni permanently.

Ensign and his sources also equate Diaochi with the country Diaueḫe , which is known from Urartian sources of this time and whose exact location is disputed. Urartu , which was founded in the 9th century, expanded and became Diauehes' immediate neighbor after ensign, as did Qulha in northern Urartu.

The Urartian king Menua succeeded in taking Shaschilu, the royal city of Diaueḫe. His successor Argishti I also led campaigns against Diaueḫe, conquered its southern parts and made it subject to tribute. But after his death it became independent again. Nevertheless, according to the ensign, Diaueḫe was so weakened that it soon fell apart. In his opinion, the larger, northern part was conquered by Qulḫa in the middle of the 8th century , while the small states of Katarsa, Sabacha, Iganechi, Witeruchi and others emerged in the south. Lordkipanidze, who refers to G. Melikišvilii, however, assumes that Diauḫe was destroyed by Qulḫa. Diaueḫe is no longer mentioned in the inscriptions of Argishti's successor, Sardur II .

Live on

According to Diakonov and Kaškai, Τάοχοι / Τάοι is the ancient Greek name of Çoruh . Sagona assumes that the name Diaueḫe has been preserved in the Georgian Tao , the Taochians of the Greeks and the Armenian Daikh / Tayk, in which it follows Robert Hewsen. However, it assumes that the remaining population withdrew north into the western Çoruh valley and perhaps the Oltu valley in the Achaemenid period .

401 BC The army of Xenophon moved through the north-eastern Black Sea region. After the Anabasis, the general came across a people that he called Taochi . Sagona wants to locate them at Beşpinar and Gökçedere .

Tao-Klardschetien was a medieval Georgian kingdom . It was the namesake of the Georgian Tao province until 1921 . Today this area lies in Turkey , in the regions of Erzurum , Artvin , Ardahan and Kars .

The use of the term Diaochi, which combines several historically transmitted folk names, asserts a continuity of an ethnic group or a state from the 2nd millennium to the present. Other authors have expressed themselves very critical of such continuity constructions. Historian Stephen H. Rapp emphasizes that while modern observers have often tried to establish a direct, unbroken link to the past, there is no historical evidence that any archaeologically documented tribe or people understood themselves to be Georgian in the medieval or modern sense .

literature

  • Heinz Fähnrich: History of Georgia from the beginnings to Mongol rule . Shaker, Aachen 1993, ISBN 3-86111-683-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b O. Lordkipanidze, Archeology in Georgia, Weinheim 1991, 110
  2. ↑ a b c d Fähnrich, 1993, p. 38 ff.
  3. ↑ Veli Sevin, The origins of the Urartians in the light of the Van / Karagündüz Excavations. Anatolian Iron Ages 4. Proceedings of the Fourth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium, Mersin, 19-23 May 1997. Anatolian Studies 49, 1999, 159-164
  4. ↑ Luckenbill 1926, Volume I., 236-237
  5. ↑ Lamassu from Nimrud, Luckenbill 1926, Volume I., 660-662
  6. ^ G. Melikišvilii, Kulcha. Drevnij Mir, Moscow 1962, G. Melikišvili, Samxret'-dasavlet 'sak'art'velos mosaxleobis ujvelesi gaert'ianebebi. In: Sak'art'velos istoriis narkvevebi, Tiflis 1971, G. Melikišvili, Nairi-Urartu, Tiflis 1964, 215-216
  7. ↑ IM Diakonoff , S., M. Kashkai, Répertoire Géographique des textes cuneiformes. 9. Geographical names according to Urartian texts (Wiesbaden 1981), 26
  8. ^ A b C. Sagona, Literary tradition and topographic commentary. In: A. Sagona / C. Sagona, Archeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier I. Leiden 2004, 36
  9. ^ RH Hewsen, The Geography of Ananias of Širak (Asxarhac'oy'c), the Long and the Short Recessions. Supplements to the Tübingen Atlas of the Middle East (Wiesbaden 1992), 204-208
  10. ^ C. Sagona, Literary tradition and topographic commentary. In: A. Sagona / C. Sagona, Archeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier I. Leiden 2004, 35
  11. ↑ Anabasis IV, 71
  12. ^ Studies in Medieval Georgian History, Leiden 2003, 9