Diaueḫe

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Diaueḫe ( m di-a-ú-e-ḫi in the Yazilitaş inscription also m di-ia-ú-ḫi, m di-ia-ú-ḫi) is an Iron Age empire or coalition of peoples north of Urarṭu . Its capitals were Šašilu and Zuani. It is known only from Urarṭean inscriptions. The determinative m used throughout could indicate that it is a tribe, not an empire, but Salvini points out that a change between KUR and m can also be found in the spelling of other Transcaucasian countries.

history

Diaueḫe

Menua

Beginning of the 8th century BC According to inscriptions from Yazılıtaş near Eleşkirt (HCL No. 23) and Süngütaşı , the Urarṭean king Menua took to the field against Diaueḫe and Erekua . Menua reports of the conquest of Diaueḫe and the royal city of Šašilu [ni]. He boasts of having burned the land and the castles. He moved to the border of Diaueḫe in the "passport countries" (Sesetili), in the city of Zua and on the water supply of the city of Utuha. Utupursi [ni], the king of Diaueḫe, submitted. "He came before me, he clasped [my] feet (?), He prostrated (?), I granted mercy, I made [him] pay tribute, he gave gold [and] silver, he gave tribute." in Diaueḫe the king returned their possessions. On the stele of Zivin ( Süngütaşı near Sarıkamış , HCL No. 24) he reports that he has conquered the city of Šašilu and that he erected a stele for the god Ḫaldi here. "Menua says: I brought Šašilu to myself, I [determined] this stone to [Ḫal] di , my lord." From this it could be deduced that Šašilu was in Zivin.

Menua also mentions a land Tariuni owned by the king of Diaueḫe. Inscriptions from Taşburun and Başbulak tell of buildings that the king had built here.

So Diaueḫe paid tribute, but was not annexed to the empire, with the exception of Baltuliḫi and Haldirilu ,i, who “tore away” the Menua.

Argišti I.

According to the Horhor inscription , Diaueḫe was the target of a campaign together with Luša , Katarza , Etiuḫi and Witeruḫi in the 2nd year of the reign of Argišti I. Diaueḫe paid a tribute of 20.5 kg of gold, 18.5 kg of silver and 5 tons of copper, but was not finally subjected. In the Hanak inscription , Argišti reports on his campaign against the land of Tariu . After conquering Tariu, he moved on to the land of Huša , the land of Biani and the land of Ašqalaši . Before the city of Aḫuria (a-su [-nini]) the king of Diaueḫe appeared to pay tribute. The following passages are poorly preserved, but apparently report the rejection of the tribute (“I threw it away”), the destruction of two cities and a booty of 72080 “fat cattle”. An illegible number of prisoners were taken, some of whom Argišti killed and some of whom were abducted. In total, Argišti claims to have destroyed six fortresses and burned 50 cities during this campaign. The inscription ends with the usual cursing formula against whoever destroys them: the god ialdi and the god Quera may extinguish him. The inscription by Surb Saak also reports campaigns against Diaueḫe (fragment A) and his allies (fragment B, reverse side), the land of Luša , the land of Katarza , the people of Eriaḫi , the people of Uiteruḫi (Witeruchi).

Sarduri II

Sarduri II led further campaigns in the north against Etiune , Iga and twice against Qulha near Huša .

location

Diaueḫe (Urartu)
Tušpa
Tušpa
Tercan
Tercan
Aşkale
Aşkale
Hasankale
Hasankale
Erzurum
Erzurum
Hanak
Hanak
Zivin
Zivin
upper Coruh
upper Coruh
Murat spring
Murat spring
Çıldır Lake
Çıldır Lake
possible location of Diaueḫe

Burney considers a location of Diaueḫe between Pontus , Erzurum and Erzincan to be likely and favors the area between Tercan and Aşkale as well as the Hasankale plain . Diakonoff and Kashkai locate Diaueḫe between Erzurum and the upper Euphrates, "and further north". If one believes the equation of Zivin with Horasan with Sasilu, Diaueḫe would have been with Erzurum.

Dinçol and Dinçol want to equate the Taraiu mentioned in the Hanak inscription with Hanak . Bia and Huša would then have to be north of it, as well as Ašqalaši and Aḫuria, and the borders of Diaueḫe could extend as far as Georgia. M. Salvini locates Diaueḫe in the upper Çoruh valley. According to Diakonoff and Kashkai (1982, 26) the Çoruh corresponds to the ancient Τάοχοι / Τάοι.

Arutjunian is considering equating the second capital, Zuaini, with modern Zivin, southwest of Sarıkamış . He considers a position of diaue marriage between the Araxes , Pasinler and Delibaba- Belibaba possible.

Diakonoff and Kashkai associate Ḫaldiriluḫi with the name Çaldiran , a region north of Kars , Çıldır Lake , the Çaldırsu River and the Çaldırdağ. Sagona wants to trace the name Ḫaldiriluḫi back to the god Ḫaldi and locates the city on Lake Çıldır.

Diaueḫe and Daiaeni

The equation of Diaueḫe with Daiaeni goes back to Grigorij A. Melikišvili. Russel also wants to equate Diaueḫe with Daiaeni because of its name, meaning that it is located in the headwaters of the Euphrates . Caucasus scientist Heinz Fähnrich summarizes the two countries under the name Diaochi . Köroǧlu advocates a location in northern Anatolia. From this it could be deduced that Shalmaneser III. as far as northern Urartu or even Georgia . But Burney firmly rejects this. From the amount of the tribute he also concludes that Diaueḫe "certainly did not have the extent of what is now the Soviet Republic of Armenia". The localization of Daiaeni depends, among other things, on whether the “ Upper Sea of ​​Nairi ” means Lake Van or the Black Sea .

Diaieni is sometimes interpreted as "the land of the sons of Daia or Dia".

Cities

  • Šašilu, capital
  • Utuha
  • Zuaini, capital
  • Ḫaldiriluḫi ( URU ḫa-al-di-ri-ul-ḫe KUR e-ba-a-ni-ie) incorporated under Menua after Urarṭu

Districts and tribes

  • Ardarakiḫi, m ar-da-raki-ḫi (tribe)
  • Ašqalaši, KUR Áš-qa-la-ši-e, KUR Áš-qa-la-a-ši-ie-di
  • Baltuḫi, m Bal-tú-ul-ḫi, m Ba-al-tú-ú-ul-ḫi-e (tribe), incorporated under Menua after Urarṭu
  • Kabiliḫi (tribe)
  • Kada
  • Šaški, m Ša-áš-ki-e-ḫi (tribe)

Ruler

  • Utupurši

literature

  • Kemalettin Köroǧlu: The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom. In: Altan Çilingiroǧlu, G. Darbyshire (Ed.): Anatolian Iron Ages 5. Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Van, 6-10 August 2001. British Institute of Archeology at Ankara, Ankara 2005, ISBN 1-89824 -915-6 , pp. 99-106 ( British Institute of Archeology at Ankara Monograph 31).
  • Hugh F. Russell: Shalmaneser's Campaign to Urarṭu in 856 BC and the Historical Geography of Eastern Anatolia according to the Assyrian Sources. In: Anatolian Studies. 34, 1984, ISSN  0066-1546 , pp. 171-201.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Н. В. Арутюнян, Корпус уратсқих қлинообразных надписеӣ. Ереван, Гитутюн 2001, 503
  2. ^ M. Salvini, The historical geography of the Sevan Region in the Urartian period. In: Raffaele Biscione et al. (Ed.), The North-Eastern Frontier Urartians and non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake Basin. I. The Southern shores. Documenta Asiana 7 (Rome 2002), 45
  3. ↑ Kemalettin Köroǧlu, The Northern Border of the Urartian Kingdom. In: Altan Çilingiroǧlu / G. Darbyshire (Ed.), Anatolian Iron Ages 5, Proceedings of the 5th Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Van, 6-10. August 2001. British Institute of Archeology at Ankara Monograph 3 (Ankara 2005) 101
  4. ↑ HF Russell, Shalmaneser's campaign to Urarṭu in 856 BC and the historical geography of Eastern Anatolia according to the Assyrian sources. Anatolian Studies 34, 1984, 186
  5. ↑ Н. В. Арутюнян, Корпус уратсқих қлинообразных надписеӣ. Ереван, Гитутюн 2001, 54
  6. ↑ Г.А. Меликишвили, Урартские клинообразные надписи. Москва: Издательство АН СССР, 1960, No. 361
  7. ↑ Г.А. Меликишвили, Урартские клинообразные надписи. Москва: Издательство АН СССР, 1960, No. 30
  8. ↑ Г.А. Меликишвили, Урартские клинообразные надписи. Москва: Издательство АН СССР, 1960, No. 127
  9. ^ A b Charles Burney, Die Bergvölker Vorderasiens, Essen 1975, 274
  10. ↑ Ali M. Dinçol and Belkis Dinçol, The Urartian inscription from Hanak. FS Sedat Alp, Ankara 1992, 111
  11. ↑ Н. В. Арутюнян, Корпус уратсқих қлинообразных надписеӣ. Ереван, Гитутюн 2001, no.174
  12. ^ Charles Burney, Die Bergvölker Vorderasiens, Essen 1975, 273
  13. ^ IM Diakonoff, SM Kashkai: Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cuneiformes. Vol. 9, Geographical names according to Urartian Texts. Wiesbaden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert 1981, 39
  14. ↑ Ali M. Dinçol and Belkis Dinçol, The Urartian inscription from Hanak. FS Sedat Alp, Ankara 1992, 112
  15. ^ M. Salvini, The historical geography of the Sevan Region in the Urartian period. In: Raffaele Biscione et al. (Ed.), The North-Eastern Frontier Urartians and non-Urartians in the Sevan Lake Basin. I. The Southern shores. Documenta Asiana 7 (Rome 2002), 38
  16. ↑ a b Н. В. Арутюнян, Корпус уратсқих қлинообразных надписеӣ. Ереван, Гитутюн 2001, 523
  17. ^ IM Diakonoff, SM Kashkai: Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cuneiformes. Vol. 9, Geographical names according to Urartian Texts. Wiesbaden, Dr. Ludwig Reichert 1981, 39
  18. ^ Antonio Sagona / Claudia Sagona, Archeology at the North-East Anatolian frontier, I. A historical geography and a field survey of the Bayburt province Ancient Near Eastern Studies 14, Louvain Peeters 2004, 29
  19. ↑ Grigorij A. Melikišvili, Diauechi. Vestnik drevnej istorii 4. Moskva 1950, 26-42
  20. ↑ HF Russell, Shalmaneser's campaign to Urarṭu in 856 BC and the historical geography of Eastern Anatolia according to the Assyrian sources. Anatolian Studies 34, 1984, 171-201