Three District Revolution

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The Ili, Tarbagatay, and Altay districts of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China

The three-district revolution or revolution in the three districts (Ch. Sanqu geming 三 区 革命 or Yining shibian 伊宁 事变), which is also known as the Ili rebellion , Yining revolution , Yining incident , was one against them Kuomintang- ruled revolution in Xinjiang in the years 1944–1949, which started in the city of Gulja (Chinese: Yining).

prehistory

In November 1933, Sabit Damolla and his colleagues founded the so-called Islamic Republic of East Turkestan , the (first) Republic of East Turkestan, in Kashgar with Xoja Niyaz as Prime Minister, which only existed for a few months.

The Republic of China has not been able to allay the reservations of the mainly Turkic population in Xinjiang and to calm unrest. There were also close ties between the local population and the Soviet Union . The pro-Soviet Uyghur, who later became the leader of the revolt and the second republic of East Turkestan, Ehmetjan Qasimi , had been trained in the Soviet Union and was considered a “Stalin's man” and a “communist-minded progressive”. Qasimi Russified his name to "Kasimov" and became a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) .

course

Liu Bin-Di was a Kuomintang official and a Hui-Chinese Muslim. He was dispatched by those in charge in Urumqi to subdue the Hui ancestral lands and to crush the Turkish-Muslim movement, which was already beginning to overthrow Chinese rule. However, he failed because his troops were late. Several Turkish cavalry units armed by the Soviets invaded China in the direction of Gulja . In November 1944, Liu was killed by Uighur and Kazakh rebels. That was the beginning of the Ili Rebellion (Three Districts Revolution), in which Uighur Ili rebels fought against troops from the Republic of China.

After Sheng Shicai was removed from Xinjiang, the new Kuomintang administration had increasing problems maintaining law and order. On September 16, 1944, troops had been dispatched to the Gongha region , an area mainly populated by Kazakhs. However, the troops were unable to stop a group of rebels. On October 8, the rebels captured Nilka , the seat of the district administration. In October the three-district revolution flared up south of Gulja, in Ili, Altay and Tarbagatay in northern Xinjiang. With the support of the Soviet Union and exiles, the rebels quickly secured control of the three districts and captured Gulja in November. The ethnic Chinese population in the region has been decimated by ethnic cleansing. Officials from the United States Consulate reported that Islamic scholar Elihan Töre proclaimed a "Turkistan Islam Government":

“The Turkestan Islamic Government is set up: Praise be to Allah for his multiple blessings! Praised be allah! The help of Allah has given us the heroism to throw off the government of the oppressors, the Chinese. But even after we have set ourselves free, it can be gratifying in the eyes of our God if we just stand there and watch while our brothers and sisters in faith ... still the bloody suffering of oppression under the black politics of the oppressive government of the barbaric Chinese? Surely our God would not be satisfied. We will not lay down our arms until we have freed ourselves from the five bloody fingers of the power of our Chinese oppressor, or until the very roots of the Chinese oppressor government have dried up and from the face of the earth in East Turkestan, which we call our homeland received from our fathers and grandfathers have died. "

The rebels attacked Gulja on November 7, 1944 and quickly captured parts of the city, massacred the Kuomintang troops, but encountered fierce resistance from the units stationed in the electricity works and the central police station. These were not captured until November 13th. The declaration of the " Republic of East Turkestan " (شەرقىي تۈركىستان جۇمھۇرىيىتى) took place on November 15th. The Soviet Army supported the Ili-Uighur Army by conquering several cities and airfields. Non-communist Russians (“White Russians” and Russian settlers) who had lived in Xinjiang since the 19th century also supported the Soviet Army and the rebels. They suffered heavy losses. Many of the leaders of the Republic of East Turkestan were Soviet agents or otherwise had ties to the Soviet Union. They included Abdulkerim Abbas , Ishaq Beg , Saifuddin Azizi and the "white Russians" F. Leskin , A. Polinov , and Glimkin . When the rebels had problems conquering the strategically important Airambek airfield , the Soviet military intervened directly and bombed the Chinese positions.

The rebels did not shy away from massacres of Han Chinese civilians either, specifically targeting people associated with the KMT and Sheng Shicai. In the "Gulja Declaration" of January 5, 1945, those in charge of the newly founded republic announced that they wanted to "sweep away the Han Chinese" and threatened to demand the "blood guilt" from the Han. The declaration also announced that the republic would seek cordial relations with the Soviets. The anti-Han tirades of official declarations later weakened, but this did not happen until after most of the Han Chinese civilians in the area were massacred. These massacres took place primarily between 1944 and 1945 and the Kuomintang responded to the crimes with equally cruel punitive actions. In addition, repressive methods continued to be used in the ETR area, such as bans on Han Chinese people from possessing weapons, exclusion from official positions, while both Russian and Turkish-speaking officials were used. In addition, a Soviet-style secret police was introduced. And while the non-Muslim Tungus peoples like the Xibe largely supported the rebels, they received little support from the Muslim Tungan (Hui) in Ili.

The rebels' demands included the end of Chinese rule, equality for all nationalities, recognition of native languages, friendly relations with the Soviet Union and a halt to Chinese immigration to Xinjiang. The Ili National Army (INA) was reorganized and later renamed the "East Turkestan National Army". They consisted mainly of Uighur, Kazakh and white Russian soldiers (about 60,000 men, armed and trained in the Soviet Union and supported by regular units of the Red Army, in strength of 500 officers and 2,000 soldiers), and a group of Kazakh Karai under the command of Osman Batur (approx. 20,000 riders). The Kazakhs were largely spread over the northern areas, while the INA covered the southern areas. In September 1945 the Kuomintang troops and the INA occupied positions on the opposite banks of the Manasi River near Urumqi. At that time, the ETR held the Zungaria and Kashgaria areas , while the Kuomintang controlled the Urumqi (Tihuwa) area.

The INA uniforms and flags were marked with the Cyrillic letters VTR (Vostochnaya Turkestanskaya Respublika, Russian for "Republic of East Turkestan"). Years later, the Soviets boasted of their support for the rebels. Another radio program broadcast in Uyghur from Radio Tashkent to Xinjiang on May 14, 1967 , talked about how the Soviets had trained the units of the Republic of East Turkestan and supported them against the army of China. Thousands of Soviet soldiers supported the rebels and it was apparently Soviet planes that attacked Chinese positions in October 1945.

When the Soviet Red Army and the Uighur Ili Army advanced against the poorly equipped Chinese troops, with the support of Soviet planes, they almost reached Urumqi; however, the Chinese erected defensive rings and sent in the Sino-Muslim cavalry to stop the advance of the rebels. Thousands of Sino-Muslim soldiers under General Ma Bufang and his nephew General Ma Chengxiang were taken from Qinghai to Xinjiang to repel the attackers.

The rebels drove the Chinese from the plains, reached Kashgar, Kaghlik and Yarkant, but found no support in the oases due to their Soviet background, so the Chinese army was able to drive them away from there. The rebels then slaughtered the Kyrgyz and Tajik cattle there and destroyed their plantations.

On the Chinese side, the clique of Hui warlord Ma Bufang from Qinghai was sent by the Kuomintang with the Muslim cavalry to Ürümqi in 1945 to protect the area from the rebels. The 5th and 42nd Tungan (Hui) cavalry units were relocated from Qinghai to reinforce the KMT's 2nd Army with its 4 divisions. Their combined forces were 100,000 Hui and Han under the command of the KMT. The Soviets were very anxious to "liquidate" Ma Bufang. General Ma Chengxiang, another officer of the Hui Ma clique, commanded the First Cavalry Division in Xinjiang (formerly: 5th Gansu Cavalry Division).

A ceasefire was declared in 1946, with the ETR in control of the Ili area and the Chinese in control of the rest of Xinjiang, including Urumqi. In June 1946, the leaders of the revolution, Ahmatjan Kasimi , Abdukerim Abbasov, and others removed Elihan Tore from office. The Republic of East Turkestan was transformed into a council assembly of the special district of Ili .

The former center of political and cultural activities of the government of the Three-District Revolution ( Sanqu geming zhengfu zhengzhi wenhua huodong zhongxin jiuzhi三 区 革命 政府 政治 文化 活动 中心 旧址) in the city of Gulja (Yining) has been on the list of monuments since 2006 of the People's Republic of China (6-1079).

literature

  • Linda Benson: The Ili Rebellion: The Muslim challenge to Chinese authority in Xinjiang, 1944-1949. Armonk, New York: ME Sharpe, 1990. ISBN 0-87332-509-5 ( book review )

Web links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "communist-minded progressive" Forbes 1986: 174
  2. ^ Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 1982: 299.
  3. ^ "The Turkestan Islam Government is organized: praise be to Allah for his manifold blessings! Allah be praised! The aid of Allah has given us the heroism to overthrow the government of the oppressor Chinese. But even if we have set ourselves free, can it be pleasing in the sight of our God if we only stand and watch while you, our brethren in religion ... still bear the bloody grievance of subjection to the black politics of the oppressor Government of the savage Chinese? Certainly our God would not be satisfied. We will not throw down our arms until we have made you free from the five bloody fingers of the Chinese oppressors 'power, nor until the very roots of the Chinese oppressors' government have dried and died away from the face of the earth of East Turkestan , which we have inherited as our native land from our fathers and our grandfathers. "
  4. ^ Forbes 1986: 176
  5. ^ Forbes 1986: 178
  6. ^ Forbes 1986: 180
  7. ↑ a b Forbes 1986: 181
  8. ^ Forbes 1986: 179
  9. ^ Forbes 1986: 183
  10. ↑ a b Forbes 1986: 184
  11. ^ Forbes 1986: 217
  12. ^ Forbes 1986: 188
  13. ↑ Potter 1945, "Red Troops Reported Aiding Sinkiang Rebels Fight China": 2
  14. ↑ a b Wireless to THE NEW YORK TIMES 1945, "Sinkiang Truce Follows Bombings Of Chinese in 'Far West' Revolt; Chungking General Negotiates With Moslem Kazakhs - Red-Star Planes Are Traced to Earlier Soviet Supply in Area": ​​2
  15. ^ Shipton & Perrin 1997: 488.
  16. ^ Forbes 1986: 204
  17. ^ Preston & Partridge & Best 2000: 63 [1] [2] [3]
  18. ↑ Jarman 2001: 217. [4]
  19. ^ Preston & Partridge & Best 2003: 25
  20. ↑ [5]
  21. ^ Forbes 1986: 168.
  22. ↑ 1949, "The Sydney Morning Herald": 4
  23. ↑ Wang 1999: 373.
  24. ↑ Ammentorp 2000–2009, "Generals from China Ma Chengxiang"
  25. ↑ Brown & Pickowicz 2007: 191st
  26. ↑ http://de.china-embassy.org/det/zt/zgzfbps/t94425.htm The History and Development of Xinjiang (Press Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China)
  27. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.xjww.com.cn