Three-window house
Three-window houses are three-axle relatively narrow residential buildings.
Building history
The three-window house was a common type of construction for residential houses from the middle of the 19th century . You can find them mainly in the urban areas of the Rhineland . The "three-window house with or without an extension [...] [as] a distinctive Rhenish design that has been used extensively here".
The three window axes of the multi-storey front facade are characteristic and eponymous. Three-window houses were built in an even row, but the design was individual due to the different facade decoration.
The buildings were relatively narrow because, according to the Prussian building code, houses up to 20 feet wide (about 6.28 meters) were exempt from tax. The four-window house that was built later was also similar to the three-window house in terms of its floor plan and interior design - "Like the three-window house, the four-window house of that time did not offer many different solutions". The small front dimensions of 7 or 9 m developed a floor plan that was used for years. The shape of the room was mostly uniform, but the interior fittings were usually designed individually using the room dividers mentioned above.
They were often extended to the rear with additions. Often there were utility rooms, shops, workshops, and later offices, practices or even garages on the ground floor or in the basement .
Aachen three-window house
The Aachen three- window house developed its characteristic design from the traditional three-window house during the Renaissance from 1520 to 1620. This type of house lasted almost three hundred years. The three-window house was one of the Aachen town houses. The original three-window house was gable . The gable became a symbol of personal ownership and independence. The ridge was pivoted from the gable to the eaves around 1730.
The Aachen three-window house has its counterpart in the Low German - Flemish house type, which was spread as far as the Hainaut .
The local characteristics included the floor plan consisting of a 3.5 to 5 m wide front and a 8 to 10 m long depth as well as the entire or partial basement. The vaulted cellar consisted of a barrel that was flat and continuous. On the ground floor one got into the basement through an entrance in the front room. At the same time, there was a cellar neck next to the front door for the delivery of goods and coal. A transverse building was often built behind the courtyard, which was used as a workshop or rented out.
The ground floor consisted of two rooms that were separated by a front-parallel half-timbered wall. These two rooms were referred to as the vestibule or Vorhuis and the back room, the aft chamber and used as a shop or workshop. A spiral staircase in an angle at the back of the vestibule led to the upper floor with the living rooms and the kitchen. Later, the spiral staircase, which had a rope as a handrail, was relocated to the hallway, which was created as a result of the installation of another half-timbered wall that ran perpendicular to the front. These partitions, also called room dividers, had no load-bearing function. The spiral staircase was in the middle of the hall and was without daylight. Sometimes an alcove room was created between the two rooms. These early forms of terraced houses shared firewalls . Laurenz Mefferdati's design for his conversion from the house to the pear tree was based on this floor plan.
A special form came from Mefferdatis: the terraced house complex consisting of three three-window houses under one roof, the front of which looked like a large representative residential building. The middle row house was emphasized by a gable. His project was to be realized in Jakobstrasse at the corner of Karlsgraben. His client was the Karlsschützengilde .
19th century
In the 19th century , the Aachen three-window house was partly built with a historicist facade.
In Wilhelmstrasse, which was laid out in 1812, the connection between Kaiserplatz and Burtscheid, the first development took place with a house type of three-window house in 3-3½ storeys with brick and bluestone walls. In Kasinostraße as a continuation of Wilhelmstraße in the upper part of Burtscheid, this type of building is continued in an ornamental design, for example in the town house No. 63.
literature
- Karl Faymonville u. a .: The art monuments of the city of Aachen. III. The secular monuments and collections of the city of Aachen. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1924, pp. 251ff.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Architects and Engineers Association in Düsseldorf (ed.): Düsseldorf and its buildings. L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1904, p. 366.
- ↑ E.Ph.Arnold ". The old house Aachen" Aachen Historical Society , Aachen, 1930, (Arnold), p.73.
- ↑ According to Arnold, a three-window house will be built on a plot of land 5 to 7 m wide and 1:16 to 1:20 in length. Arnold, p. 56.
- ↑ The row house as a tenement house exists in Cologne in the 15th century. Arnold, p. 58.
- ^ Ingeborg Schild : On the typology of the Aachen town house in the 18th century. Floor plans and constructive structures. in: Aachener Kunstblätter , Vol. 63, 2003–2005, p. 22.
- ↑ " State Conservator Rhineland . Monuments Directory . 1.1 Aachen city center with Frankenberger Viertel. ”With the assistance of Hans Königs , arr. v. Volker Osteneck. Rheinland Verlag Cologne, 1977, p. 177.