Dark brown belt foot
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Dark brown belt foot ( Cortinarius brunneus ) |
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The dark brown belt foot ( Cortinarius brunneus ) is a leaf fungus from the family of the veil relatives (Cortinariaceae) whose entire fruiting body is more or less dark brown in color. His hygrophan hat is quite fleshy and bluntly hunched. The universal veil remains on the handle as a whitish belt. The meat is also dark brown to blackish brown. The species is often interpreted differently and sometimes narrower and sometimes broader, so that the descriptions of different authors often contradict each other. The black-brown or acorn-brown belt foot ( C. glandicolor ) is today (as of 2018) as a variety ofC. brunneus viewed. Like all veils, the dark brown belt foot is a mycorrhizal fungus that is associated with conifers (predominantly with spruce, less often with pines). The species is distributed almost all over Europe. In northern Europe the species is common, in southern and central Europe it is usually only found in the mountains.
features
Macroscopic features
The initially bell-conical, but soon spreading hat measures 3–8 cm and usually has a clearly separated, fleshy hump. It is dark brown in color and sometimes has a blackish or purple tinge. The fine-grained, cracked hat skin is more or less dry and, as with all belt feet, turns black to black-brown with a drop of caustic potash . The somewhat hygrophanic hat pales a leathery yellow color when drying. The brim is often dirty whitish veil remains covered.
The dark brown, more or less the same color, thick and very wide lamellae are quite distant. The lamellar surfaces are veined more or less vertically. They are bulging and often bulky at the bottom. The spore powder is cinnamon to rust brown.
The slender, club-like stem measures (4) 7-11 × 0.5-1 (2) cm. Like the hat, it is dark brown in color and coarsely grained lengthways and has one or two indistinct, whitish, later pale brownish belt zones.
The meat is dark brown throughout, it can only be a little lighter in the base of the stem. According to M. Bon, it has a faint, pleasant odor that is somewhat reminiscent of the fragrant belt foot ( C. torvus ). Others describe it as almost odorless to slightly earthy-radish-like. The meat tastes mild or sometimes slightly radish-like.
Microscopic features
The elliptical spores are finely ornamented or punctured and measure 8–11 (13) × 6–7.5 (8) µm.
Species delimitation
The dark brown belt foot is a typical representative of the species-rich group of belt feet ( Telamonia ). Within the subgenus, the spruce companion is one of the larger and more common species. Its typical features are: blackening flesh, a more or less pronounced hump, the initially white, later darkening velum and the wide, distant lamellae. An important, microscopic feature is a dense palisade of sterile cells on the blade edge.
The black-brown belt foot ( C. glandicolor ) is very similar, and today it is only regarded as a variety of the dark brown belt foot. It is rarer and differs through the more densely standing lamellae, the more delicate habit and the slightly smaller spores. Other similar species are the blackening water head ( C. rubricosus ) and the broad-leaved water head ( C. crassifolius ). Both can be recognized by their blackening flesh. In contrast to the dark brown belt foot, its handle has no belt zone. Another similar species with blackening flesh is the olive-brown water head ( C. uraceus ). But it usually has a much thinner stem.
Ecology and diffusion
The dark brown belt foot has been found in North America and Europe. The veil is widespread in Europe and quite common overall. In the south it can be found from Spain via Italy to Bulgaria (western Balkan mountains, Vitoshar region , western Rhodope Mountains). It has also been found across the UK. The fungus is common in Northern Europe. In Norway it can be found up to the 69th parallel, in Sweden up to the 68th parallel, in Finland it is widespread as far as northern Lapland. In Austria and Switzerland, the species rises in the Alps to over 2000 m. Within the group of girdle feet / water heads, it is one of the more common species.
As a typical companion to spruce, the dark brown belt foot is particularly common in mountain coniferous forests, in the flatlands it is rather rare. In addition to its most important mycorrhizal partner , the spruce , the veil can also partner with pines. The fungus prefers acidic and moist soils, the glandicolor variety should also grow in drier locations.
Systematics
In 1801 the dark brown belt foot was scientifically described by the mycologist Christiaan H. Persoon . He gave it the scientific name Agaricus brunneus , this name was sanctioned by Elias Fries mentioning it in his work Systema Mycologicum . Without this sanctioning, the Persoon basionym would be invalid today, as it is with Agaricus brunneus Schaeff. (1774) gives an older homonym . In 1838 Elias Fries placed the taxon in the genus Cortinarius , so that it received its species name that is valid today. Since then, botanists and mycologists have tried again and again to split the species-rich genus Cortinarius into several genera. This led to numerous homotypical synonyms. 1866 classified Otto Wünsche in his book Die Pilze. A guide to the knowledge of the same frieze subgenus Telamonia up to genus and gave the taxon the name Telamonia brunnea. In 1891 the German botanist Carl Kuntze put the taxon in his newly created genus Gomphos in his Revisio generum plantarum (a revision of the plant kingdom) . and finally MM Moser placed the veil as Hydrocybe brunnea in the genus Hydrocybe (Fr. ex Rabenh.) Desires in his Kleine Kryptogamenflora von Mitteleuropa (1953) (an important determinant of the European fungal flora) .
The taxon Cortinarius glandicolor (Fr.) Fr., originally described by Fries as a separate species, contributes further synonyms, which was downgraded in 1992 by Håkan Lindström and Jacques Melot to the variety of C. brunneus .
In 2008 a Finnish working group led by Tuula Niskanen examined the Brunnei section . To study the phylogenetic relationships, they used rDNA-ITS sequences and compared the results with the morphological data. They came to the conclusion that C. glandicolor and C. brunneus are separate species and neotyped C. glandicolor , for which no type was previously defined. In addition, they described two new species, Cortinarius caesiobrunneus and Cortinarius clarobrunneus , which are also closely related to the dark brown belt foot . According to their investigation, C. glandicolor differs from C. brunneus in the slimmer fruiting body and a mostly less pronounced universal veil (Velum universale), which rarely forms a pronounced belt on the stem. C. glandicolor can colonize drier locations, seems to be less strictly bound to spruce and is instead more common on pines. C. clarobrunneus has the same habitus as C. brunneus , but has a paler stem, smaller spores, no pronounced veil belt and grows in pines ( Pinus sylvestris ). C. caesiobrunneus, on the other hand, is much slimmer, has no veil and has narrower spurs.
meaning
Basically, all belt feet are classified as suspected of being poisonous, so the dark brow belt foot is not an edible mushroom. How many of these species are really poisonous is not known.
Web links
- Cortinarius brunneus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved October 5, 2015 (Italian, photos of the dark brown belt foot).
- Wolfgang Bachmeier: Dark brown belt foot (Cortinarius brunneus). In: www.123pilze.de / pilzseite.de. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
swell
- Cortinarius brunneus. In: Index Fungorum. Retrieved October 5, 2015 .
- Cortinarius brunneus. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed October 5, 2015 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 218 (English: The mushrooms and tools of Britain and Northwestern Europe . Translated by Till R. Lohmeyer).
- ↑ a b c d Ewald Gerhardt: Mushrooms. Volume 1: Lamellar mushrooms, pigeons, milklings and other groups with lamellas (= spectrum of nature / BLV intensive guide ). BLV, Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1984, ISBN 3-405-12927-3 , p. 120 .
- ↑ a b c Karin Monday: Dark brown belt foot Cortinarius brunneus In the virtual mushroom book. Tintling.com, accessed October 5, 2015 .
- ↑ Basidiomycota Checklist-Online - Cortinarius brunneus. In: basidiochecklist.info. Retrieved October 9, 2015 .
- ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN 0093-4666 , p. 279-282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF]).
- ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Cortinarius brunneus. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved October 9, 2015 .
- ↑ Worldwide distribution of Cortinarius brunneus. In: GBIF Portal / data.gbif.org. Retrieved October 9, 2015 .
- ↑ Jean-Pierre Prongué, Rudolf Wiederin, Brigitte Wolf: The fungi of the Principality of Liechtenstein . In: Natural history research in the Principality of Liechtenstein . tape 21 . Vaduz 2004 ( llv.li [PDF]). llv.li ( Memento of the original from November 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Svetozar Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . In: Acta Botanica Croatica . 2009 (English, protectedareas.mk ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [PDF; 1.6 MB ; accessed on October 9, 2015]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Nahuby.sk - Atlas hub - Cortinarius brunneus. In: nahuby.sk. Retrieved October 9, 2015 .
- ^ Cortinarius brunneus. Pilzoek database, accessed October 9, 2015 .
- ↑ Christiaan Henrik Persoon: Synopsis methodica fungorum. Sistens enumerationem omnium huc usque detectarum specierum, cum brevibus descriptionibus nec non synonymis et observationibus selectis . Henricum Dieterich, 1801 (Latin, Cybertruffle.org ).
- ↑ Elias Magnus Fries: Systema Mycologicum . tape I . Ex Officina Berlingiana., Lund & Greifswald 1821, p. 211 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
- ^ Elias Magnus Fries: Epicrisis systematis mycologici. Seu synopsis hymenomycetum . Typographia Academica, Upsala 1838, p. 298 (Latin, cybertruffle.org.uk ).
- ↑ FO wishes: The mushrooms. A guide to the knowledge of the same . 1877 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Otto Kuntze: Revisio generum plantarum. Secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum. Pars 2. Leipzig 7 London / Paris 1891, p. 856 ( botanicus.org ).
- ↑ Tuula Niskanen, Ilkka Kytövuori and Kare Liimatainen: Cortinarius sect. Brunnei (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) in North Europe . In: Mycological Research . tape 113 , no. 2 , 2009, p. 182-206 , doi : 10.1016 / j.mycres.2008.10.006 .
