Dark-throated shadow hummingbird

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Dark-throated shadow hummingbird
Dark-throated shadow hummingbird

Dark-throated shadow hummingbird

Systematics
Class : Birds (aves)
Order : Sailor birds (Apodiformes)
Family : Hummingbirds (Trochilidae)
Subfamily : Hermits (Phaethornithinae)
Genre : Shadow hummingbirds ( Phaethornis )
Type : Dark-throated shadow hummingbird
Scientific name
Phaethornis squalidus
( Temminck , 1822)

The dark-throated shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis squalidus ) or black throated hummingbird is a species of bird in the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) that is endemic to Brazil . The IUCN assesses the population as Least Concern .

features

The dark-throated shadow hummingbird reaches a body length of about 10.0 to 12.5 cm, with a weight of about 2.5 to 3.5 g. The top is dark bronze-green, the top of the head blackish with rust-colored feather edges. The underside is dirty rust-colored. The blackish throat looks scaly. The ear covers are black-brown, the stripes above the eyes and beard are whitish ocher. The wings are blackish purple. The under tail covers are dirty ocher-colored, the upper tail covers with rust-red hems. The blackish green tail feathers have a broad blackish subterminal band. The outer pair of control feathers have pale reddish brown tips, the remaining white tips. The upper bill is black, the lower bill yellow with a black tip. The feet are horn-colored. The female is slightly paler with a slightly more curved beak.

Behavior and nutrition

The dark-throated shadow hummingbird feeds on nectar like other hummingbirds . It also feeds on small arthropods . However, little research has been done on its eating habits.

Vocalizations

The singing consists of complex trills with bright phrases that he repeats constantly in the same way. The phrases vary slightly, but typically consist of alternating light tones and some more nasal sounds ending in two loud light tones. These sound like tsi-tiii-tsa-tsa-tsi-tschoo-tschoo . He also gives off a light tsii .

Reproduction

The breeding season is from October to February. He builds the wedge-shaped nest at the tip of the inside of palm leaves. The nests are approx. 102 mm high. The outer radius is approx. 42 mm, the inner radius approx. 23 mm and the inside is 18 mm deep. The clutch consists of two eggs that weigh approx. 0.41 g and are approx. 9.0 × 14.0 mm in size. The breeding period is about 14 to 16 days. The nestlings fledge after 20 to 24 days.

distribution and habitat

Distribution area (green) of the dark-throated shadow hummingbird

The dark-throated shadow hummingbird prefers the undergrowth of moist coastal and adjacent mountain forest and dense secondary vegetation. There are reports of its occurrence from altitudes of sea level to 2250 meters. It occurs in the coastal mountains from Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul .

Subspecies

The species is considered to be monotypical . Trochilus leucophrys Nordmann , 1835 and Trochilus intermedius Lesson, RP , 1832 are considered synonyms.

migration

The migration behavior of the dark-throated shadow hummingbird has not yet been researched. But it is assumed that he is a resident .

Etymology and history of research

The first description of the dark-throated shadow hummingbird was in 1822 by Coenraad Jacob Temminck under the scientific name Trochilus squalidus . The type specimens had Temminck of Johann Natterer (1787-1843), who had gathered in Brazil this. In 1827 William Swainson introduced the genus Phaethornis for the Eastern long-tailed shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis superciliosus ( Linnaeus , 1766)). The term “Phaethornis” is derived from the Greek words “phaethōn Φαέθων ” for “the shining one, the shining one” and “órnis όρνις ” for “bird”. The species name "squalidus" stands for "rough, stiff, dirty" from "squalere" stands for "to be rough". "Leucophrys" is a Greek word made up of "leukos λευκος " for "white" and "ophrys, ophryos οφρυς, οφρυος " for "eyebrow". The Latin "intermedius" means between.

  • Dark-throated shadow hummingbird (Figure 1) illustrated by Jean-Gabriel Prêtre as part of the first description

  • Trochilus intermedius illustrated by Antoine Germain Bevalet (1779–1850)

literature

  • Christoph Hinkelmann , Guy Maxwell Kirwan , Peter Boesman in: Josep del Hoyo , Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal , David Andrew Christie , Eduardo de Juana: Dusky-throated Hermit (Phaethornis squalidus) In: Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.
  • Rolf Grantsau: The hummingbirds of Brazil . Expressão e Cultura, Rio de Janeiro 1988, ISBN 978-85-208-0101-7 .
  • James A. Jobling: Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . Christopher Helm, London 2010, ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4 .
  • Coenraad Jacob Temminck: Nouveau recueil de planches coloriées d'oiseaux: pour servir de suite et de complément aux planches enluminées de Buffon (plate 66, figure 2 & text) . tape 4 , delivery 20. Legras Imbert et Comp., Strasbourg 1822 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • William Swainson: A Synopsis of the Birds discovered in Mexico by W. Bullock, FLS and HS and Mr. William Bullock, jun. In: The Philosophical magazine: or Annals of chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, natural history and general science . tape 1 , no. 85 , 1827, pp. 433-442 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  • Alexander von Nordmann in Georg Adolf Erman: Chapter I. Birds, II. Mammals, III. Amphibians, IV.Fishes in voyage around the earth through North Asia and the two oceans, in the years 1826, 1829 and 1830 . Natural history atlas. G. Reimer, Berlin 1835, p. 1-26 ( gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de ).
  • René-Primevère Lesson : Les trochilidées ou Les colibris et les oiseaux-mouches: suivis d'un index général, dans lequel sont décrites et classées méthodiquement toutes les races et espèces du genre trochilus . Delivery 1. A. Bertrand, Paris ( biodiversitylibrary.org - 1832–1833).
  • Edward Clive Dickinson, Leslie K. Overstreet, Robert Jack Dowsett, Murray Duncan Bruce: Priority! The Dating of Scientific Names in Ornithology . Aves Press Limited, Northampton 2012, ISBN 978-0-9568611-1-5 .

Web links

Commons : Dark-throated shadow hummingbird ( Phaethornis squalidus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Christoph Hinkelmann u. a.
  2. ↑ a b Rolf Grantsau, p. 41.
  3. ↑ Rolf Grantsau, p. 42.
  4. ^ IOC World Bird List Hummingbirds
  5. ↑ Alexander von Nordmann (1835), p. 2, entry 18.
  6. ↑ René Primevère Lesson, p. 65, plate 19.
  7. ^ Coenraad Jacob Temminck, plate 120 & text.
  8. ^ William Swainson, p. 441.
  9. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 301
  10. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 363
  11. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 224
  12. ↑ James A. Jobling, p. 206

Remarks

  1. ↑ For the history of the publication see Edward Clive Dickinson u. a. Pp. 120-121.
  2. ↑ For the history of the publication see Edward Clive Dickinson u. a. Pp. 153-158.