Thorny mushrooms

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Thorny mushrooms
Echinodontium tinctorium the type species of the genus

Echinodontium tinctorium the type species of the genus

Systematics
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Mountain Porling Relatives (Bondarzewiaceae)
Genre : Thorny mushrooms
Scientific name
Echinodontium
Ellis & Everh.

The prickly layer mushrooms ( Echinodontium ) are a genus of fungi that belongs to the family of the prickly layer mushrooms (Echinodontiaceae). The white rot fungi have more or less shell- to console-shaped fruiting bodies and a hydnoid (prickly) hymenophore . The hyphae system is dimitic and the amyloid basidiospores are ornamented spiky to rough-warty . The type species of the genus is Echinodontium tinctorium . Most species occur in North America and East Asia, but Echinodontium ryvardenii also has a European representative. The fungus was found growing on the trunks of the Phoenician juniper in Sardinia .

features

The perennial, hoof- to shell-shaped fruiting bodies are relatively firmly attached to the substrate. The meat (context) is woody to leathery and colored brick red, olive or cream yellow. The hymenophore is clearly toothed and the hyphae system dimitic . The generative hyphae are nodular , the secondary septa are simply septate. The thick-walled, dark-red to hyaline, as well as club-like to spindle-shaped cystids, the upper part of which is heavily encrusted with crystals, are typical . The club-like basidia have four sterigms . The 5–8 µm long spores are hyaline and, in Melzer's reagent, strongly amyloid. They are rather thick-walled, spherical to ellipsoid and smooth to prickly ornamented.

Ecology and diffusion

The representatives of the genus are white rot pleats, which cause core rot in the affected wood . Their occurrence is largely restricted to East Asia and North America. E. ballouii grows on the white cypress and has so far only been collected in New Jersey and has not been detected since 1906. E. japonicum grows on different oak species z. B. on the Japanese blue oak ( Quercus glauca ) and occurs in Japan. Another purely Japanese species is E. tsugicola . The fungus grows on different types of hemlock and momi fir . The most widespread and most common is E. tinctorium , the type species of the genus. The species grows on conifers, mostly on real firs and hemlocks . The distribution area extends from Mexico over the west of North America to Alaska. The only European species in the genus is Echinodontium ryvardenii . It is probably a relic species that has only been found in Sardinia so far. The mushroom grows on the trunks of the Phoenician juniper.

Systematics

etymology

The generic name is derived from the two ancient Greek words "ἐχῖνος" (echinos = hedgehog or sea urchin) and "ὀδούς" (odous, genetic odontos = tooth) and refers to the teeth of the type species with 20-30 µm long spikes.

The genus was created in 1900 by J. Ellis and B. Everhart as an initially monotypic genus with the type species Echinodontium tinctorium . In 1935 R. Imazek added two Japanese species to the genus, before HL Gross added three more species to the genus in 1964, E. ballouii , E. sulcatum and E. taxodii . The last two species named have more or less resupinate fruiting bodies and a smooth hymenium, as well as a trimitic hyphae. Because of these characteristics, W. Jülich did not believe that these two species should be combined with the other species in one genus and in 1981 created the new genus Laurilia for them . M. Tabata and his co-authors showed that E. taxodii (syn. L. taxodii ) is not related to the other Echinodontium species. A blast analysis in the GenBank database shows that the species is closely related to Phlebia acerina , Phlebia rufa and Phlebia radiata and thus does not belong to the Russuloid community. Laurilia sulcata, on the other hand, forms a monophylum with the other species of the genus Echinodontium and some mycologists advocate reuniting both genera.

The classification of the genus in a family is still controversial. E. and Larsson found that Echinodontium and Laurilia form a community of descent together with Bondarzewia and Heterobasidion and advocated placing the genus in the Bondarzewiaceae family . S. Miller and his co-authors, however, calculated a family tree in which Echinodontium , Laurilia and Heterobasidion form a common branch. Bondarzewia, on the other hand, has its own independent line of descent in her family tree. Other mycologists found that Echinodontium and Amylostereum are closely related sister genera , neither of which is related to either Heterobasidion or Bondarzewia .

species

Depending on the opinion, the genus includes five to six species worldwide. In Europe you can only find the very rare species Echinodontium ryvardenii , which has so far only been found in Sardinia.

Scientific name author
Echinodontium ballouii (Banker) HL Gross 1964
Echinodontium japonicum Imazeki 1935
Echinodontium ryvardenii Bernicchia & Piga 1998
Echinodontium tinctorium (Ellis & Everh.) Ellis & Everh. 1900
Echinodontium tsugicola (Henn. & Shirai) Imazeki 1935

swell

  • Echinodontium. Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 27 (2): 49 (1900). In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed October 22, 2014 .
  • Echinodontium. Ellis & Everh., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 27 (2): 49 (1900). In: www.indexfungorum.org. Retrieved October 22, 2014 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b JB Ellis & BM Everhart: New species of fungi from various localities with notes on some published species . In: Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club . tape 27 , 1900, pp. 49 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
  2. ↑ a b HL Gross: The Echinodontiaceae . In: Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata . tape 24 , no. 1 , 1964, pp. 4 ( mycobank.org genus Echinodontium tinctorium Echinodontium tsugicola Echinodontium japonicum Echinodontium ballouii ).
  3. ^ RL Gilbertson & L. Ryvarden: North American Polypores . tape 1 , 1986, pp. 253 ( mycobank.org ( Echinodontium tinctorium ) Echinodontium ballouii ).
  4. ↑ A. Bernicchia & A.Piga: A new species of Echinodontium from Italy . In: Mycotaxon . tape 68 , 1998, pp. 483-492 ( cybertruffle.org ).
  5. ^ M. Núñez & L. Ryvarden: East Asian polypores . In: Synopsis Fungorum . tape 14 , 2001, p. 170-522: 287 ( mycobank.org (Echinodontium tsugicola) Echinodontium japonicum ).
  6. ↑ Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson: Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa . In: Mycologia . tape 95 , no. 6 , January 11, 2003, p. 1037-1065 , PMID 21149013 ( mycologia.org ).
  7. ^ Karl-Henrik Larsson: Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi . In: Elsevier (Ed.): Mycological research . tape 111 , no. 9 , 2007, p. 1040-1063 .
  8. ↑ Steven L. Miller, Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson, Annemieke Verbeken, Jorinde Nuytinck: Perspectives in the new Russulales . In: Mycologia . tape 98 (6) . Mycological Society of America, 2006, pp. 960-970 , doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.960 ( mycologia.org [PDF]).
  9. ↑ Manfred Binder, David S. Hibbett, Karl-Henrik Larsson, Ellen Larsson, Ewald Langer, Gitta Langer: The phylogenetic distribution of resupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes) . In: Systematics and Biodiversity . tape 3 , no. 2 , 2005, p. 113-157 ( copace.clarku.edu [PDF]).
  10. ↑ Masanobu Tabata, Thomas C Harrington, Wei Chen & Yasuhisa Abe: Molecular phylogeny of species in the genera Amylostereum and Echinodontium . In: Mycoscience . tape 41 , no. 6 , 2000, pp. 585-593 ( online [PDF]).

Web links

Commons : Barbed stereum ( Echinodontium )  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files