Bergporling relatives

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Bergporling relatives
Bondarzewia mesenterica

Bondarzewia mesenterica

Systematics
Department : Stand mushrooms (Basidiomycota)
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Bergporling relatives
Scientific name
Bondarzewiaceae
Feces. & Pouzar

The Bergporlingsverwandten (Bondarzewiaceae) are a family within the order of fungal Täublingsartigen (Russulales). The fruiting bodies are spread out in flat layers or in the shape of a shell, tongue or console, sometimes they can also be clavarioid and branched in a fan shape . The hymenium is smooth, hydnoid, or poroid and the hyphae is mostly dimitic , while buckles and cystids are usually absent. The basidiospores are more or less amyloid and hardly to heavily ornamented . The fungi live parasitically or saprobionic on deciduous or coniferous trees. The species of the type genus are Porlinge, which were previously placed in the order of Polyporales . The family contains up to eight genera and just under 50 species, depending on the view. The placement of many genera is controversial or has not yet been verified by molecular biology.

features

The mostly annual fruiting bodies of mountain porcupine relatives are spread out flat or fan-shaped and rarely stalked and coral-shaped or cushion-shaped. The surface is usually felty and the pale flesh (context) soft to tough or woody. The hymenophore is smooth, prickly, toothy, or poroid. The hyphae system is usually dimitic, that is, both generative and skeletal hyphae are present. The skeletal hyphae are not or only slightly branched, buckles may be present or absent. As a rule, however, the mushrooms form buckles at least in culture. In addition to the basidia, cystidae can also occur; they are absent in the type genus. The thin-walled, hyaline basidia are club-shaped to urn-shaped (urniform) and carry two to four spores. The basidiospores are spherical to ellipsoid. In rare cases, they can also be more or less cylindrical. They are amyloid, mostly ornamented and thin to thick-walled. Numerous representatives form hyphomycet-like secondary fruit forms (anamorphs). The small, thin to thick-walled conidia are formed by club-like, conidiogenic cells that sit on numerous teeth.

Genera

Without the anamorphic genus Spiniger , up to eight genera were / are placed in the family. With the exception of the mountain sponges and root sponges, the classification of these genera into the family is uncertain and has not yet been verified by molecular biology. Some genera that used to be part of the family are now assigned to other families on the basis of molecular biological studies. These include the gloiodon ( Gloiodon ) that the family of today ear spoon Stache Ling relatives provided (Auriscalpiaceae). According to recent studies, the genus Sclerodon is synonymous with Gloiodon . Also the genus Wrightoporia should no longer be placed in the family of the mountain porling relatives, since the genus polyphyletic and the type species Wrightoporia lenta are not related to the mountain porlings. K.-H. Larsson suggests placing the genus in the family ( Wrightoporiaceae ) introduced by W. Jülisch in 1982 .

The classification of Murrilloporus with the type species Murrilloporus rutilantiformis (Murrill) Ryvarden ( Basionym : Trametes rutilantiformis ) is currently completely unclear. T. Hattori placed the species in 2003 in the genus Cristelloporia ( Sistotremataceae / Hydnodontaceae ). The systematic position of the genus Rigidoporopsis with the type species Rigidoporopsis amylospora is also uncertain . J. Stalpers placed the type species in 1996 as Amylosporus ryvardenii in the genus Amylosporus . Recent studies by JJ Chen and BK Cui show that Amylosporus campbellii is not related to the Bergporlingen.

The genera of the mountain porling relatives
Generic name description
Amylaria
Corner
The monotypical genus Amylaria has clavarioid, fan-shaped, more or less leathery fruiting bodies, some of which grow on the ground and partly on rotting wood. The hyphae system appears almost dimitic and consists of thin-walled, nodular septate and hardly inflated, generative hyphae and thick-walled hyphae, which are reminiscent of skeletal hyphae. Gloeplere hyphae or cystidia do not occur. The spore powder is white. The amyloid, broadly ellipsoidal spores have a somewhat thickened spore wall and are roughly thorny to burr-like ornamentation. EJH Corner proposed a separate, monotypic family, the Amylariaceae, for the genus.
Amylosporus Ryvarden The genus has five species distributed in the tropics and subtropics, the genus is not represented in Europe. The fruiting bodies are slightly stalked to resupinate and have a porous hymenophore. The hyphae system is dimitic. There are no cystids and the gloeoplerous hyphae are often difficult to find. The predominantly saprobiontic white rot fungi differ from the often similar looking Bergporlingen through their fine black ornamented spore ornament. The latest LSU rDNA analyzes show that the genus is not closely related to the Bergporlingen.
Bergporlinge
Bondarzewia Singer
The type genus has four species worldwide. In Europe it is represented by the common mountain porling ( Bondarzewia mesenterica ). The tough, stalked, mostly gray-brown porlings have no cystids or buckles. Thin-walled generative hyphae and skeletal hyphae form the dimitic hyphae system. The strongly amyloid and roughly warty ornamented spores are typical of the genus.
Stecchericium D.A. Reid An unclear taxon that is inadequately differentiated from similar genera like Wrightoporia . Six species have been described worldwide within the genus. The genus has no representative in Europe. The mushrooms have leathery, flat spreading to recurved and fan-shaped fruit bodies. The hymenophore is hydnoid and consists of awl-shaped spines up to 2.5 mm long. The hyphae system is dimitic. In addition to the gloeopler hyphae, there are sulfopositive gloeocystids. The amyloid basidiospores are ornamented.
Root sponges
Heterobasidion Bref.
12 species have been described worldwide. In Europe there are three almost indistinguishable species. The root sponges have persistent, irregular and more or less console-shaped fruiting bodies. The white rot fungi are parasitic porlings that typically fructify at the base of the trunk. The iodine-indifferent spores have an indistinct, flat-black spore ornament. Both buckles and cystids are missing.
Rigidoporopsis I. Johans. & Ryvarden Three species are known worldwide, the genus is not represented in Europe. The genus is characterized by annual, resupinate fruiting bodies, which are resinous and dry with a hard consistency. The pore layer is cream-colored to pale brown, the pores are medium-sized, round to angular and not stratified. The context is very thin. The hyphae system is pseudo- or semidimitic, the generative hyphae are simply septate (without buckles), besides there are more golden yellow, thick-walled hyphae with few septa, cystidia are absent. The four-pore basidia are clearly stalked and have an inflated tip. The amyloid, hyaline spores are ellipsoidal and ornamented with fine spines. According to some mycologists, the genus is synonymous with amylosporus .

Distribution and ecology

The family is particularly widespread in the temperate climate zone. The parasitic or saprobiotic white rot fungi live on deciduous or coniferous wood.

meaning

The closely related species of the genus Heterobasidion are the most important wood pests in coniferous forests in the northern hemisphere. The economic damage in Europe is estimated at 800 million euros annually. Especially in newly stocked coniferous wood plantations, the fungi can cause entire stands to die off. The root sponges infect their host tree from the root and thus increase the risk of windthrow and breakage. In the wood of older spruce in particular, the root sponges cause red rot, which leads to significant wood devaluation.

Systematics

Maximum likelihood family tree of the Bondarzewiaceae : The Bondarzewiaceae branch is shown thicker, the sequence AF506430 is shown in gray, with it the bootstrap value for the Bondarzewiaceae branch falls to 59%.

The Bondarzewiaceae family was introduced in 1957 by F. Kotlaba and Z. Pouzar for non-leaf mushrooms with amyloid and ornamented spores. In addition to the type genus Bondarzewia , they provided the genera Amylaria and Hericium . Since then, the family has been rearranged and regrouped several times in order to adapt the family concept to the latest research. The beginning was made in 1964 by M. Donk , who made the genus Hericium the type genus of his newly created family of beard relatives (Hericiaceae). Six years later, E. Corner also created a separate, monotypic family for the genus Amylaria , so that Bondarzewia remained the only genus in the family. In 1975 R. Singer accepted this restricted family concept. But since he saw a great similarity between the Milchlingen and the Bergporlingen, he believed that both genera were more closely related. Therefore, he placed the Bondarzewiaceae in the order of the mushroom-like (Agaricales), which at that time was predominantly an order of leaf mushrooms , which is why milklings and pigeons were also classified there. The Bergporlinge have similarly ornamented spores as the deaf relatives and can excrete a milk if injured like the milklings.

W. Jülich (1981), on the other hand, did not believe in a relationship between Bergporlingen and leaf mushrooms and created the new Bondarzewiales order for them. In addition to the type family of the Bergporling relatives, he placed the monotypical families Hybogasteraceae and Amylariaceae .

In 1979 the Dutch mycologist JA Stalpers investigated the genus of the root sponges ( Heterobasidion ) and the mountain porling relatives (Bondarzewiaceae) and supported M. Donk in removing the genus of the goose whiskers ( Hericium ) from the family, as he used the amyloid, ornamented spores for the only one , unifying feature held. In his investigation, Stalpers particularly noticed the similarity between the root sponges and the Bergporlingen. Both genera are Dimitic and both form fruiting bodies with buckleless hyphae, but can form (few) buckles in culture. Likewise, both have a spider-like by- crop shape and are potent white rot fungi that form laccases ( monophenol oxidases , which are part of the typical enzyme composition of white rot fungi). In addition, parasitic species occur in both genera and, according to Gluchoff-Fiasson, both mountain sponges and root sponges have a system of sulfoaldehyde- positive global hyphae . In contrast to Donk and Singer, Stalpers pleaded for the family concept to be expanded and so he also placed the genus of the root sponges and the family of the spiny- layer mushroom relatives (Echinodontiaceae) with the spiny- layer mushrooms , the hat-edged bark mushrooms ( Laurilia ) and the genus Wrightoporia in the family of the mountain porling relatives. The genus Amylaria also remained in his family.

The family of thorny mushroom relatives (Echinodontiaceae), introduced by M. Donk in 1961 and revised by R. Gross in 1964, is characterized by the leathery to woody flesh, the console-shaped to stereoid fruiting bodies, the hydnoid or smooth hymenophore , the buckle-bearing hyphae and their smooth to ornamented, amyloid Spores, as well as characterized by their thick-walled, encrusted cystids. The family differs from the Mountain Porling relatives (Bondarzewiaceae) by the buckle-wearing hyphae and the characteristic cystids. Stalpers, however, thought the common characteristics were more decisive. Both families have a dimitic (and in some cases a trimitic) hyphae system and Laurilia sulcata has a spider-like accessory crop shape. Stalpers did not consider the presence or absence of buckles to be a critical feature, and he also considered the presence or absence of cystidia to be negligible. That is why he proposed to place the spiny layer mushrooms ( Echinodontium ), the hat-edging bark mushrooms ( Laurilia ) and the genus Wrightoporia in the family of mountain porcini relatives. This family concept is in clear contradiction to M. Donk's (1964) view, who did not consider Bergporlinge ( Bondarzewia ), thorn- layer fungi ( Echinodontium ), root sponges ( Heterobasidium ) and hat-edging fungi ( Laurilia ) to be related and classified the genera into four different families, namely the Bondarzewiaceae, the Echinodontiaceae, the Polyporaceae, and the Stereaceae .

The relationships of the mountain porling relatives were also investigated from a molecular biological point of view. The various working groups came to partly contradicting results. While the mountain sponges and root sponges formed a community of descent in almost all family trees , the position of the thorny layer fungi ( Echinodontium ) was controversial. While Echinodontium tinctorium in E. and KH Larsson 2003 and S. Miller and his co-authors in 2006 form a monophylum with the Bergporlingen and the root sponges (both works use the same gene bank sequence AF506430), Echinodontium tinctorium in other works was close to the genus Amylostereum related and some mycologists even advocate uniting the two genera in the family of the spiny-layer fungus relatives. The result of Larsson and Miller is put into perspective if one takes into account that the closely related Echinodontium ryvardenii (Genbank number AF506431) also shows a relationship to the genus Amylostereum . Obviously, there is a sequencing error or mix-up in Genbank sequence AF506430.

The relationship between Echinodontium and Amylostereum was so strongly supported by a four-way analysis by Binder and Hibbett that it is no longer in doubt today. Last but not least, the micro-characteristics also speak for such a relationship. In both genera one finds numerous conical and encrusted cystidia. Another thing they have in common is that both types use softwood as a substrate.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Paul F. Cannon, Paul M. Kirk: Fungal families of the world . CABI Europe, Wallingford, Oxfordshire (UK) 2007, ISBN 978-0-85199-827-5 , pp. 40-41 ( online ).
  2. ^ Karl-Henrik Larsson: Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi . In: Mycological research . tape 111 , no. 9 , 2007, p. 1040-1063 .
  3. ^ A b L. Ryvarden & I. Johansen: A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa . Fungiflora, 1980, p. 535 ( mycobank.org ).
  4. Frances L. Balfour-Browne: Some Himalayan Fungi . In: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Botany. tape 1 , no. 7 , 1955, pp. 189–218 ( biodiversitylibrary.org - description of species and genus on pages 197–199).
  5. ^ CR Leathers & AH Smith: Two new species of clavarioid fungi . In: Mycologia . tape 59 , no. 3 , 1967, p. 456-462 ( Cyberliber Electronic Library for Mycology ).
  6. ^ JJ Chen & BK Cui: Studies on Wrightoporia from China 3. Wrightoporia subavellanea sp. Nov. based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis. In: Phytotaxa . tape 175 , no. 4 , 2014, p. 225–234 ( abstract [PDF]).
  7. L. Ryvarden & I. Johansen: A preliminary polypore flora of East Africa . 1980, p. 243 ( mycobank.org (Amylosporus campbellii) Amylosporus ryvardenii ).
  8. ^ Jens H. Petersen & Thomas Læssøe: About the genus Bondarzewia. In: MycoKey. Retrieved March 3, 2015 .
  9. ^ J. Ginns: Genera of the North American Corticiaceae Sensu Lato . In: Mycologia . tape 90 , 1998, pp. 1-35 ( Cyberliber Electronic Library for Mycology ).
  10. T. Hattori & L. Ryvarden: Stecchericium acanthophysium (Hericiaceae, Aphyllophorales) nov.sp. In: Mycotaxon . tape 56 , 1995, pp. 185-190 ( Cyberliber Electronic Library for Mycology ).
  11. ^ Jens H. Petersen & Thomas Læssøe: About the genus Root Rot (Heterobasidion). In: MycoKey. Retrieved February 17, 2015 .
  12. Fred O. Asiegbu, Aleksandra Adomas and Jan Stenlid: Conifer root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. s. l. In: Molecular Plant Pathology (2005) . tape 6 , no. 4 , 2005, p. 395-409 ( online [PDF]).
  13. P. Schütt, HJ Schuck, B. Stimm: Lexicon of tree and shrub species . The standard work of forest botany. Morphology, pathology, ecology and systematics of important tree and shrub species. Nikol., Hamburg 2002.
  14. ^ MA Donk: A conspectus of the families of Aphyllophorales . 1964, p. 247 ( Cyberliber Electronic Library for Mycology - Description of the Hericiaceae).
  15. ^ A b S. Redhead & L. Norvell: Notes on Bondarzewia, Heterobasidion and Pleurogala . In: Mycotaxon . tape 48 , 1993, pp. 371-380 ( Cyberliber Electronic Library for Mycology ).
  16. ^ MA Donk: A conspectus of the families of Aphyllophorales . 1964, p. 247 ( Cyberliber Electronic Library for Mycology - Description of the Echinodotiaceae).
  17. JA Stalpers: Heterobasidion (Fomes) annosum and the Bondarzewiaceae . In: Taxon . tape 28 , 1979, pp. 414-417 ( online [PDF]).
  18. ^ MA Donk: A conspectus of the families of Aphyllophorales . 1964, p. 247 ( Cyberliber Electronic Library for Mycology - Description of Bondarzewiaceae).
  19. Ellen Larsson and Karl-Henrik Larsson: Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa . In: Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 95 , no. 6 , 2003, ISSN  0027-5514 , p. 1037-1065 , JSTOR : 3761912 .
  20. Steven L. Miller, Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson, Annemieke Verbeken and Jorinde Nuytinck: Perspectives in the new Russulales . In: Mycol Soc America (ed.): Mycologia . tape 98 , no. 6 , 2006, p. 960-970 ( mycologia.org [PDF]).
  21. Echinodontium tinctorium. In: Nucleotide Database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Retrieved March 19, 2016 .
  22. DS Hibbet, MJ Donoghue: Progress toward a phylogenetic classification of the Polyporaceae through parsimony analyzes of mitochondrial ribosomal DNA sequences . In: Can. J. Bot. Band 73 , 1995, pp. 853-861 ( online [PDF]).
  23. DS Hibbet, L.-B. Gilbert, MJ Donoghue: Evolutionary instability of ectomycorrhizal symbioses in basidiomycetes . In: Nature . tape 407 , 2000, pp. 506-508 ( online [PDF]).
  24. a b DS Hibbet, M. Binder: Evolution of complex fruiting body Morphologies in homobasidiomycetes . In: Proc R Soc Lond B . tape 269 , 2002, pp. 1963–1969 ( online [PDF]).
  25. Echinodontium ryvardenii AF506431. In: Nucleotide Database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Retrieved March 19, 2016 .

Web links

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