Ear spoon thorn relatives

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Ear spoon thorn relatives
Auriscalpium vulgare, the type species of the genus Auriscalpium

Auriscalpium vulgare , the type species of the genus Auriscalpium

Systematics
Department : Stand mushrooms (Basidiomycota)
Subdivision : Agaricomycotina
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Ear spoon thorn relatives
Scientific name
Auriscalpiaceae
Maas Geesteranus Maas Geest.

The ear spoon Stache Ling relatives (Auriscalpiaceae) are a Mushroom Family from the order of Täublingsartigen (Russulales). The family combines white rot fungi with very different fruiting bodies . These can be resupinate , console-shaped or hat-shaped, sessile or stalked or branched in a coral shape. The hymenophore can be smooth or prickly or consist of lamellae. The fungi have amyloid spores and gloeoplere hyphae and / or gloeocystidae and the generative hyphae usually wear buckles. The family currently (as of 2016) has five genera and is distributed worldwide. The type genus is Auriscalpium .

features

The fruit bodies in this family are very different and hardly show any similarities. Gloiodon has resupinate or effuso-reflexe fruiting bodies and auriscalpium ( Auriscalpium ) and counting ( Lentinellus ) mushrooms, the hats of which can be stalked or sessile. For example, some Lentinellus species form fan-shaped, pleurotoid fruiting bodies, and also in some ear spoon prickles the stalk is greatly reduced or completely absent. The genus of the cup corals ( Artomyces ), on the other hand, forms coral-shaped fruiting bodies and Dentipratulum finally has a greatly reduced fruiting body, which consists of more or less free spines that are connected by a barely visible sterile mycelium . The surface of the hat or the fruiting body is tomentose to bristly and can become bald with age or it is bald and hairless from the start. The consistency of the fruit bodies is soft and fragile to leathery or tough. The hymenophore is also developed very differently. In Auriscalpium , Dentipratulum and Gloiodon it is prickly ( hydnoid ), Lentinellus on the other hand has lamellae and Artomyces has a smooth hymenium.

In their micro-characteristics, however, the genera of the family hardly differ. Auriscalpium and Gloiodon have a dimitic hyphae system, while Lentinellus , Dentipratulum and most species of the genus Artomyces have a monomitic hyphae system. The generative hyphae usually have buckles and the skeletal hyphae (if any) are pigmented. In addition, well-developed and usually numerous gloeocystids and gloeoplere hyphae that react positively to sulfobenzaldehyde reagents are typical for the family . The basidia are club-shaped, hyaline and thin-walled and carry 2–4 sterigms. The hyaline, thin-walled and amyloid basidiospores are usually almost spherical to ellipsoid and, with a few exceptions, have a more or less warty or prickly spore ornament .

Ecology and diffusion

The representatives of the family are widespread, most often they are found in the temperate climates. The white rot fungi usually live saprobically on softwood or hardwood, some species are parasitic.

Systematics

Elias Magnus Fries, who is considered the founder of the modern mushroom systematics, classified the mushrooms primarily according to their fruiting body morphology. Its classification system lasted well into the middle of the 20th century. According to Fries, all lamellar fungi were placed in the order of the Agaricales ( leaf mushrooms), while mushrooms with a hydnoid hymenophore were placed in the order of the Aphyllophorales ( non-leaf mushrooms ). After microscopic features became more and more important in the fungal classification, more and more mycologists began to question the old Friesian system. Maas Geesteranus was one of the first in 1963 to venture to define a family based solely on chemical and microscopic features. In "his" family of the Auriscalpiaceae he placed the hydnoid genera Auriscalpium Gray and Gloiodon P. Karst. and the agaric genus Lentinellus P. Karst. Common features were the strongly amyloid, more or less ornamented and almost spherical to ellipsoidal spores, the appearance of sulfobenzaldehyde-positive gloeocystids and buckles on hyphae and basidia. In addition, most of the species in the family have a Dimitic hyphae system.

Molecular biological studies (sequencing of the ribosomal DNA) have shown that the family tree consists of two or three sub-branches ( subclades ). The first contains the genera Auriscalpium , Gloiodon and Dentipratulum , all of which have a hydnoid hymenophore. Gloiodon and Auriscalpium in particular are very closely related, so that some mycologists even advocated uniting them in one genus. Both genera have Dimitic fruiting bodies and their gloeoplere hyphae are less noticeable than the other genera of the family.

The second sub-branch consists of the agaricoid or pleurotoid counting rings ( Lentinellus ). The genus is characterized by stalked or seated, fan-shaped (flabelliform) fruiting bodies. The species in this genus form a fairly independent branch, the species of which are closely related to each other. Therefore, the monotypic family of Lentinellaceae Locq was also used for this genus . suggested.

The third branch within the family is formed by the genus Artomyces (cup corals) and splits off from the Lentinellus branch. These are wood-growing, coral-like branched species that are particularly widespread in the temperate southern and northern climatic zones. They are a sister taxon of the Counting. A relationship of Artomyces and Amylostereum as described by E. and K.-H. Larrson suspected could not be confirmed. Even if the relationship between counting corals and beaker corals is only moderately to moderately supported in many rDNA pedigrees, there are numerous connecting characteristics between the two genera.

Most Artomyces and Lentinellus species have Group I introns in their small ribosomal DNA subunit. Group I introns are self- splicing ribozymes that autocatalytically cut themselves out of their rRNA precursors.

In addition, it happens again and again that malformations occur in the development of the fruiting bodies of the counters. These malformations then have the appearance of a cup coral. Maas Geesteranus described such an incorrectly developed anise counting as a new species ( Clavicorona dryophila ) in 1973 . (At that time the cup corals were still placed in the genus Clavicorona ).

Genera

It has still not been conclusively clarified which genera belong to the family. In the Annual Checklist (2015) of the Catalog of Life, eight genera are listed for the family. In addition to Auriscalpium , Dentipratulum , Lentinellus and Artomyces these are: Pleurodon , Clavicorona and the two monotypical genus Stalpersia and Amylonotus .

The genus Pleurodon with the type species Pleurodon auriscalpium was defined in 1881 by Petter Adolf Karsten with the type species Pleurodon auriscalpium . It is therefore considered a younger synonym of the genus Auriscalpium . It still contains two unclear taxa that have not yet been assigned to any other genus.

The genus Amylonotus with the type species Amylonotus africanus was introduced in 1975 by L. Ryvarden . Amylonotus forms resupinate to more or less console-shaped fruiting bodies with a poroid hymenophore. 1987 A. David and M. Rajchenberg put the type species Amylonotus africanus Ryvarden as Wrightoporia pouzarii in the genus Wrightoporia , since the epithet " africana " is replaced by the competing homonym Wrightoporia africana I.Johans. & Ryvarden (1979) was already taken. Recent research has shown that the Wrightoporia genus is polyphyletic . In 2016, JJ Chen and his co-authors investigated the genus Wrightoporia sensu lato and found that the genus Amylonotus belongs to the family of Bondarzewiaceae together with Heterobasidion ( root sponges ) and Bondarzewia ( mountain sponges ) .

The monotypic genus Stalpersia with the type species Stalpersia orientalis was described in 2001 by E. Parmasto . The genus has not yet been investigated in terms of molecular biology. It was probably put into the family because of its irregular hat-shaped, semicircular or fan-like (flabelliform) fruiting bodies, which have a superficial resemblance to the counting.

The species of the genus Artomyces were previously placed in the genus Clavicorona , until Walter Jülich realized that these species do not fit the type species Clavicorona taxophila (Thom) Doty . Recent molecular biological studies show that Clavicorona belongs to the family of the Clavariaceae and the order of the mushroom-like ( Agaricales ).

Art description photo
Ear spoon
prickles Auriscalpium Gray 		Rather small mushrooms with a brown velvety cap and a prickly hymenophore. The stem is more or less eccentric. They live on buried cones of conifers. The spores are amyloid and ornamented.
The ear spoon prickle ( Auriscalpium vulgare )
Count
Lentinellus P. Karst. 		Foliage to funnel-like agarics that usually grow on wood. They are usually tough and have sawn-edged lamellae and amyloid, ornamented spores. The trama contains amyloid and oleiferous hyphae .
The anise counting ( L. cochleatus )
Cup corals
Artomyces Jülich 		The mushrooms, which always grow on wood, usually have more or less coral-like branched fruit bodies. The tips of the branches are more or less crown-like or cup-like. They are pale whitish or yellowish over yellow ocher to brown or gray-brown in color. Microscopically, they are characterized by their amyloid, mostly rough spores, their sulfocystids and their hyphae with buckles.
The cup coral ( Artomyces pyxidatus )
Dentipratulum Domanski The fruiting body of the mushroom is composed of individual, free, socially growing and tapering spines and is so reminiscent of the awl mushrooms (Mucronella). In contrast to these, however, the trama contains gloeoplere hyphae that end as gloeocystidae. |
Spiny
Bark Mushrooms Gloiodon P. Karst. 		The brownish fruiting bodies growing on wood are resupinate to reflex-resupinate and have a hydnoid hymenium. The spores are amyloid and ornamented.
The shaggy prickly bark mushroom ( Gloiodon strigosus )

meaning

As mainly saprobiontic white rot fungi, they certainly play an important role in the ecosystems in which they occur, but they do not have any significant economic importance. In this family there are neither edible nor toxic mushrooms, nor pronounced wood pests. In traditional Chinese medicine, the cup coral ( Artomyces pyxidatus ) is used to heal stomach pain, indigestion and gout. The main ingredients are sesquiterpenes . They were isolated from the fruiting bodies and the culture supernatants of the mushrooms. For example, in Lentinellus , Auriscalpium , Artomyces, various marasmans and protoilludans , lactarans and secolactarans in various Lentinellus species can be found.

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b P. Cannon & P. ​​Kirk: Fungal Families of the World . CAB International, 2007, p. 31 .
  2. ↑ a b Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson: Phylogenetic relationships of russuloid basidiomycetes with emphasis on aphyllophoralean taxa . In: Mycologia . tape 95 , no. 6 . The Mycological Society of America, 2003, pp. 1037-1065 ( mycologia.org [PDF; 1,2 MB ]).
  3. ↑ Edgar B. Lickey, Karen W. Hughes and Ronald H. Petersen: Variability and phylogenetic incongruence of an SSU nrDNA group I intron in Artomyces, Auriscalpium, and Lentinellus (Auriscalpiaceae: Homobasidiomycetes) . In: Molecular biology and evolution . tape 20 , no. 11 , 2003, p. 1909–1916 ( oxfordjournals.org [PDF]).
  4. ^ RA Maas Geesteranus: A new Clavicorona . In: Persoonia . tape 8 , no. 2 , 1973, p. 213-215 ( repository.naturalis.nl ).
  5. ^ Karl-Henrik Larsson: Re-thinking the classification of corticioid fungi . In: Elsevier (Ed.): Mycological research . tape 111 , no. 9 , 2007, p. 1040-1063 .
  6. ↑ Steven L. Miller, Ellen Larsson, Karl-Henrik Larsson, Annemieke Verbeken, Jorinde Nuytinck: Perspectives in the new Russulales . In: Mycologia . tape 98 (6) . Mycological Society of America, 2006, pp. 960–970 , doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.960 ( mycologia.org [PDF; 3,4 MB ]).
  7. ↑ Species 2000 & ITIS Catalog of Life, 2015 Annual Checklist. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2015. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. In: Species 2000 & ITIS. Y. Roskov, L. Abucay, T. Orrell, D. Nicolson, T. Kunze, A. Culham, N. Bailly, P. Kirk, T. Bourgoin, RE DeWalt, W. Decock, and A. De Wever, accessed on March 22, 2016 .
  8. ^ Jiajia Chen: Studies on Wrightoporia from China 3. Wrightoporia subavellanea sp. nov. based on morphological characters and rDNA sequence data. " In: Phytotaxa . Volume 175 , no. 4 , 2014, p. 225-234 ( researchgate.net [PDF]).
  9. ^ JJ Chen, BK Cui, and YC Dai: Global diversity and molecular systematics of Wrightoporia sl (Russulales, Basidiomycota) . In: Persoonia . tape 37 , 2016, p. 21-36 ( researchgate.net [PDF]).
  10. ↑ JM Birkebak, JR Mayor, KM Ryberg and PB Matheny: A systematic, morphological and ecological overview of the Clavariaceae (Agaricales) . In: Mycologia . tape 105 , no. 4 , 2013, p. 896-911 ( mycologia.org [PDF]).
  11. ↑ Leif Ryvarden: The genus Auriscalpium . In: Harvard Papers in Botany . tape 6 , no. 1 , 2001, p. 193-198 , JSTOR : 41761643 .
  12. ^ OK Miller & L. Stewart: The genus Lentinellus . In: Mycologia . tape 63 , no. 2 . The Mycological Society of America, 1971, pp. 333-369 ( cyberliber ).
  13. ↑ EB Lickey, KW Hughes, RH Petersen: Phylogenetic and taxonomic studies in Artomyces and Clavicorona (Homobasidiomycetes: Auriscalpiaceae) . In: Sydowia . tape 55 , no. 2 , 2003, p. 181-254 .
  14. ↑ A. Bernicchia & SP Gorjón: Corticiaceae s. l. In: Fungi Europaei . tape 12 , 2010, p. 279 ( mycobank.org ).
  15. ↑ A. Bernicchia and SP Gorjón: Fungi Europaei - Corticiaceae s. l. tape 12 , 2010, p. 306 ( mycobank.org ).
  16. ↑ Yong-Biao Zheng, Chun-Hua Lu, Zhong-Hui Zheng, Xin-Jian Lin, Wen-Jin Su, and Yue-Mao Shen: New sesquiterpenes from edible fungus Clavicorona pyxidata . In: Helvetica Chimica Acta . tape 91 , no. 11 , 2008, p. 2174-2180 .
  17. ↑ G. Vidari and P. Vita-Finzi: Sesquiterpenes and other secondary metabolites of genus Lactarius (Basidiomycetes): chemistry and biological activity . In: Studies in natural products chemistry . tape 17 , 1995, p. 153-153 .

Web links

Commons : Ohrlöffelstachelingsverwandte (Auriscalpiaceae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files