Emborios

Emborios Εμπορειός
Basic data
Country	Greece
region	North Aegean
Regional district	Chios
local community	Chios
Parish	Mastichochoria
Borough	Pyrgi
status	settlement
Geographic coordinates	38 ° 11 ′  N , 26 ° 2 ′  E Coordinates: 38 ° 11 ′  N , 26 ° 2 ′  E
Residents	47 (2011)
LAU-1 code no.	5701070104
Telephone code	22710-7

Emborios ( Greek Εμπορειός ( m. Sg. )), Rarely also Kamari (Καμάρι), is a coastal town with 47 inhabitants (2011) in the southeast of the Greek island of Chios . Emborios belongs to the municipality of Pyrgi within the municipality of Mastichochoria . Archaeological excavations in the area around Emborios have revealed the first traces of settlement at the end of the Neolithic , the subsequent heyday of a settlement during the Copper and Bronze Ages in the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. BC, the Ionian settlement Lefkonio and a continuous settlement until the 7th century AD of the Byzantine period.

location

The port of Emborios with its approximately 300 m deep and 150 m wide semicircular bay is located at the exit of the valley of the dry stream Kalamourou (Καλαμούρου), more than 6 km southeast of Pyrgi. The valley exit is flanked by two mountains to the northeast and southwest. The valley with its hinterland is dominated by agriculture, in addition to the cultivation of vegetables, fruit tree and mastic cultures determine the picture. Since the bay is protected from southerly winds by a peninsula, it used to be a natural harbor.

history

From 1952 to 1955, the British School at Athens , an Athens-based British archaeological institute, conducted excavations at the Emporio archaeological site under the direction of Sinclair Hood and John Boardman . Continuous settlement over a period of approximately 6000 years from the end of the Neolithic to ancient times has been proven.

Neolithic

The oldest finds in the area testify to a settlement in the Neolithic Age in the 6th millennium BC. The fertile valley with drinking water, a natural harbor nearby and the associated access to the sea were favorable conditions for settlement.

Copper Age and Bronze Age

A fortified settlement was founded on the peninsula south of the Bay of Emborios at the end of the Copper Age . At the same time, another settlement developed outside the fortress near the beach, which existed until the final phase of the Mycenaean culture (around 1100 BC).

Antiquity

In the early 1st millennium BC Chr. Was followed by the occupation of the northern bay 223 m high rock hill Prophet Elias. A first temple was built on the site of the later Temple of Athens. From the 7th century BC A settlement with an acropolis developed on the southern side of Profitis Elias. The fifty or so houses that were all over the hill had only one room. Inside the houses were equipped with chimneys. The doors faced south to a courtyard. Within the approximately 800 m long fortification wall was the 6 × 10 m temple of Athena (Ναός της Αθηνάς) and the palace of the local ruler. The Temple of Athena from the 6th century BC. BC was a simple rectangular building without a colonnade with a flat roof supported by four columns. The temple had three altars. The so-called megaron , the ruler's palace, was designed with a view of the access to the acropolis so that it could overlook it. The agora lay between the temple and the palace. Today it is assumed that it is the Ionian city of Lefkonio (Λευκωνίωι) mentioned in Thucydides (8.24). In his Strategika, Polyainos also reports on a city Lefkonia or Lefkonio, which was at war with the inhabitants of Erythrea in Asia Minor. The settlement was founded at the end of the 7th century BC. Abandoned probably because of an earthquake or a military conflict, the temple of Athena until the 2nd century BC. Used.

As early as the 8th century BC, there was near the port of Emborios. A sanctuary. Together with a newly emerging settlement, the first temple was built around the 6th century BC at the same time as Lefkonio was abandoned. Built from local stone west of the port. The sanctuary was used until the 1st century AD. The deity worshiped in the temple could not yet be clearly identified. At first it was assumed that there was an Artemis and Hera sanctuary. Later studies concluded that the deities Apollo , Artemis, and Leto were worshiped in the temple.

Findings from the excavations are exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of the City of Chios .

Byzantine period

Early Christian shrine with baptistery

Until the 6th century. AD Emborios (Εμπόριο 'trade') developed into an important trading center. Ruins of a basilica, a baptistery and some outbuildings bear witness to an important place of early Christian religious practice. The floor of the three-aisled basilica with a narthex and a semicircular apse was covered with mosaics and pebbles. In the middle of the round baptistery was a cross-shaped baptismal font. On the rocky peninsula south of the bay, where the remains of the Copper Age settlement lay, an approximately 100 × 300 m large Byzantine fortress with three towers was built in the 6th century AD. The main entrance was north and led to the sheltered harbor, another smaller one went to the south beach of Mavra Volia (Μαύρα Βόλια)

As evidenced an inscription in a nearby church, Emborios was in connection with the siege of Constantinople Opel (674-678) under Muawiya I. destroyed.

Genoese time

During the Genoese occupation (1346–1566) a watchtower was built near the Temple of Athens. This was integrated into the observation and notification network that spanned the island . Together with the watchtower at Komi, he was in contact with the fortress Apolichnon near Armolia. Although only the base has been preserved, in 1995 the Greek Ministry of Culture declared the Tower of Emborios, along with 23 other towers, to be historical monuments.

Since the 20th century

Emborios was officially recognized as a settlement of the rural municipality of Pyrgi in 1951. From 1951 the results of the Greek censuses were recorded by Emborios.

1951	1961	1971	1981	1991	2001	2011
-	3	27	24	96	93	47

In addition to agricultural products, income from the tourism business is another important source of income. There are taverns, private rooms and a few hotels in the village. Because of the bathing possibilities, Emborios is a popular destination in the summer months. The local bathing beach and the Mavra Volia beach (Mαύρα Βόλια 'black pebbles') with black lava pebbles have been rated as EU bathing waters with the top rating since 2011 .

bibliography

• Ballance, Michael, John Boardman, Spencer Corbett and Sinclair Hood (1989), Excavations in Chios 1952–1955: Byzantine Emporio . London: Thames and Hudson (The British School of Archeology at Athens. Annual of the British School at Athens, Supplementary vol. No.20). XII, 145 pp, 34 plates and maps.
• Boardman, John (1967), Excavations in Chios 1952–1955: Greek Emporio . Oxford: Alden Press (The British School of Archeology at Athens. Thames and Hudson, Annual of the British School at Athens, Supplementary vol. No. 6). XIV, 258 pp, 98 plates.
• Hood, Sinclair, with contributions by Juliet Clutton-Brock and Perry G. Bialor (1981), Excavations in Chios 1938–1955: Prehistoric Emporio and Ayio Gala . Vol. I. Oxford: Alden Press (The British School of Archeology at Athens. London: Thames and Hudson, Annual of the British School at Athens, Supplementary vol. No.15). XXI, 425 pp., 80 plates.
• Hood, Sinclair, with contributions by Juliet Clutton-Brock and Perry G. Bialor (1982), Excavations in Chios 1938–1955: Prehistoric Emporio and Ayio Gala . Vol. II. Oxford: Alden Press (The British School of Archeology at Athens. London: Thames and Hudson, Annual of the British School at Athens, Supplementary vol. No. 16). XIX, pp 425-730, Plates 81-144.
• Ivanova, Mariya: Fortified settlements in the Balkans, in the Aegean Sea and in Western Anatolia, approx. 5000–2000 BC Chr. Waxmann Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8309-1937-7 . [4] , German
• Snodgrass, Anthony M .: The Dark Age of Greece: An Archaeological Survey of the Eleventh to the Eighth Centuries BC . Published by Routledge, 2000, ISBN 978-0-415-93635-4 . , P. 423ff [5]

Web links

• Emborios, www.chios-echo.gr , Greek
• Emporio, website of the Greek Ministry of Culture , Greek

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Results of the 2011 census, Greek Statistical Office (ΕΛ.ΣΤΑΤ) ( Memento from June 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (Excel document, 2.6 MB)
2. ↑ 211 Chios, 1: 60,000 (map) . Road Editions, ISBN 960-8481-91-0 .
3. ↑ Information from Perseus
4. ^ Thucydides, 8.24 [1]
5. ↑ Acropolis and Temple of Athens, page of the Greek Ministry of Culture, Greek [2]
6. ↑ Sanctuary Emporio, Greek ( Memento of the original from September 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
7. ↑ Early Christian sanctuary with baptistery, Greek ( memento of the original from September 26, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
8. ↑ History of Emborios ( Memento of the original from March 15, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
9. ↑ Greek Ministry of Culture, Directory of National Archaeological Monuments - Φρυκτωρίες της Χίου, Greek [3]
10. ↑ Κεντρική Ένωση Δήμων και Κοινοτήτων Ελλάδας, Ελληνική Εταιρία Τοπικής Ανάπτυξης και Αυτοδιοίκησης (ed.): Sanakirja Διοικητικών Μεταβολών των Δή microns ων και Κοινοτήτων (1912-2001) . 2 (Τόμος Β, λ – ω). Athens 2002, ISBN 960-7509-47-1 , pp. 365 .
11. ↑ Population of Emborios 1951–2001, Greek Statistical Office ELSTAT, Digital Library (Greek)
12. ↑ Ταυτότητα Υδάτων Κολύμβησης: Εμπορειός ΥΠΕΚΑ Bathing water profile Emborios, Ministry for the Environment, Energy and Climate Change, Ταυτότητα Υδάτων Καλia and Ministry of the Environment egαλiaύμβηση the environment for the environment