Enkheim old oaks
The Enkheim old oaks are a scattered group of particularly old and large oaks ( Quercus ) in the eastern Frankfurt district of Bergen-Enkheim . The trees are on the southern edge of the Enkheimer Ried nature reserve , which is part of the Frankfurt city forest and the Frankfurt green belt . With a trunk circumference of 3 to 4.46 meters, an age between 250 and over 300 years and heights between 25 and 40 meters, they are among the oldest and best preserved tree populations in Frankfurt. Since 1398, the Enkheim oak forest has demonstrably been subject to systematic forestry development and maintenance. It is one of the first, if not the first forest in Germany, in which a planned reforestation with oaks and generally with deciduous trees took place.
location
There are now 78 trees, exclusively indigenous pedunculate oaks ( Quercus robur ) and sessile oaks ( Quercus petraea ), which are mainly found at eight locations in the Enkheimer and Bischofsheimer forest as well as on the edge of the nature reserves Enkheimer Ried (Nachtigallenweg) and Berger Hang (Wagenweg) as well as in Fechenheimer Wald (A66 driveway, Birsteiner Strasse sports facility). Both types of oak are considered to be particularly long-lived and comparatively slow-growing; It is not uncommon for them to reach an age of 600 to 800 years in favorable locations, individual specimens can live for more than 1000 years. The natural growth limit is at heights of 40 to 45 meters.
Dammweg / Postweg
50 ° 8 ′ 51 ″ N , 8 ° 46 ′ 8.4 ″ E
Six individual trees are - easily accessible from the main path - at the western entrance to the Enkheimer Wald between the former Enkheimer waterworks and the Möllers Wäldchen allotment garden at a forest rest area there (corner of Dammweg / Postweg).
Old oaks at the corner of Dammweg / Postweg
Solitary corner of Dammweg / Postweg
Nightingale Path
50 ° 9 '10.8 " N , 8 ° 46' 44.7" E
A loosely scattered group of ten more trees extends right and left at the eastern end of the Nachtigallenweg, which runs parallel to the Riedteich on the southern side. With a circumference of 4.46 meters and a height of around 35 meters, this is the oldest single trunk of the entire Enkheim population, which germinated around 1670.
Enkheimer Alteiche on Nachtigallenweg
Baumhain Nachtigallenweg
Trunk base of the old oak on Nachtigallenweg
Oldest single strain on the edge of the Enkheimer Ried nature reserve with a circumference of 4.46 meters
Goose pond
50 ° 8 ′ 50.1 ″ N , 8 ° 47 ′ 28 ″ E
A very well grown population with a total of 24 old oaks is also located in the partly impassable terrain on the south-eastern edge of the Gänseweiher between Gänseweiherweg and the stadium of the FSV 07 Bischofsheim as well as around the sports facility of the FSV. The oldest tree there probably germinated around 1710. Its circumference is almost four meters. The population preserved there is also remarkable in that it is located in an area that was referred to as Eichwald on maps from the early 19th century - a designation that was not found twice in the Frankfurt area at that time.
A 250 to 300 year old oak on the goose pond with a circumference of almost four meters.
Old oak south-east of the goose pond
Old oak at the Gänseweiher rest area
Dammweg / Bischofsheimer Weg
50 ° 8 ′ 47.2 " N , 8 ° 46 ′ 30.1" E
Before the Dammweg / Bischofsheimer Weg junction, there are two copies on the left, a little off the road, and further along the Bischofsheimer Weg on the left and right on the edge of the path.
Dammweg / Bischofsheimer Weg
Bischofsheimer way
Wagenweg
50 ° 9 ′ 21.7 " N , 8 ° 46 ′ 41.4" E
From the Ludwig-Emmel-Weg junction, five trees between the ages of 250 and almost 280 years old at regular intervals of around 50 meters stand along the Wagenweg to the west on the left. The regular intervals and the historical name Wagenweg, which can be traced back to the early 19th century, suggest that these are old trees along an earlier country road.
Schwarzer Weg, Center lane, Streichkernweg, Birsteiner Strasse sports facility
50 ° 8 ′ 16 " N , 8 ° 44 ′ 58.2" E
A total of 16 old oaks were recorded in this area, which are between 250 and 290 years old. The oldest specimens are on the edge of the center aisle and the Streichkernweg in the area of the motorway junction to the federal motorway 66. There are also four 250 to 300 year old trees around the Birsteiner Straße sports facility in the south.
Environment Berger Warte
Two outstanding specimens, which according to measurements should have sprouted around the year 1700 (sizes 4.00 and 4.10 meters), are located on the Berger ridge in the vicinity of the historic Berger Warte tower , on the city limits of Frankfurt to Bad Vilbel . The trees stand directly on both sides of the federal highway 521 ( called Vilbeler Landstraße there) on the edge of the Vilbeler Forest - about 300 meters northwest of the old Jewish cemetery in Bergen. One of the two trees - at the entrance to a forest path next to a prefabricated house center and marked with a red plaque, Department 2 Seckbacher Busch - is the only tree in the entire Enkheim and Bergen old oak population that is designated as a natural monument . The second copy, on the other side of the street, is unmarked with almost the same habitus. The presence of an old boundary stone with the initials GH ( Grand Duchy of Hesse ) in the immediate vicinity of the tree (five meters away) could indicate that it is an old boundary mark. The position of the older border mark was probably "legalized" by this stone in the early 19th century. This practice is also known from other cases.
history
Today's Enkheimer and Bischofsheimer forest is already mentioned at the beginning of the 10th century as the “royal forest”. There "oaks, beeches, birches, hornbeams, alders, willows and, on sandy locations, pines" thrive. As early as the Middle Ages, the residents began to “intervene in the composition of the forest trees”. Oak is given preference because of "its good suitability as construction timber and because of the acorns for pig fattening" (cf. Emmel, p. 24). In 1398, forester Drutmann and Sigfrid von Spir broke new forestry territory in the Enkheimer Wald: “In late autumn, acorns are sown on a large scale, which in forest history is considered to be the first sowing of deciduous trees” (cf. Emmel, p. 27).
After such phases of systematic reforestation, however, there has been extensive clearance and destruction due to the war and the economy since the Middle Ages. Probably the most extensive reforestation took place after the seven-year war between 1761 and 1772 (see Emmel, p. 37), which was devastating for Bergen and Enkheim, and after the Napoleonic campaigns. Around two thirds of the old oaks that have now been mapped are likely to date from this period. However, other trees seem to be even older and have thus apparently survived this and later phases of war and crisis. One of the most profound destruction of the oak substance in the Enkheim forest resulted from the construction of the Hessen Center and the A 66 motorway towards Hanau. For both projects, a total of around 30 hectares of trees that were 150 to 200 years old were felled in the early to mid-1970s, despite ongoing protests from citizens (see Emmel, p. 78).
The Enkheim Forest in historical maps
Historical maps of Enkheim show the comparatively old age of the local forest. In the map-scientific state archive of the University of Marburg there are maps from the years 1759 and 1784. These cover extensive forest areas in the area of the Enkheimer Ried to Bischofsheim and in Fechenheim. It seems at least plausible that many of the 78 oaks mapped so far were part of this forest area recorded there. In a map from 1853, the name Eichwald can be found on today's Bischofsheim district between the then already existing Waldsee and a country road south of it - at that time a name that was unique in the entire Frankfurt city area. It is precisely in this area that the oldest oak solitaires of the entire Bischofsheimer Forest can be found today.
Ecological value
The Senckenberg Institute undertook a comprehensive 1985-2003 Biotopkartierung before Frankfurt-natural forests. In the context of this study it says: “Oak-hornbeam forests are among the near-natural forest stands of the Frankfurt city forest, which are also subject to the protection of the fauna-flora-habitat directive (FFH) of the EU. Their occurrence in the urban area is concentrated in the Schwanheimer Wald, the Nied- and Bieg-Wald and the Enkheimer Wald. A total of around 200 hectares of this habitat type could be detected within the scope of the mapping from 1998-2003. ” It is therefore fundamentally scientifically recognized that there are ecologically valuable and old oak stocks in the Enkheim forest.
Measurement
This fundamental finding is underlined by eight measurements and mappings that were carried out between June and November 2016 in the Enkheimer, Bischofsheimer and Fechenheimer forest and around the Berger Warte on 78 old oaks with a circumference of more than three meters. The approximation formula commonly used in forestry "Tree age = size x age factor" was used as the basis for the age classification. In the specialist literature, an age factor of 0.8 is given for oak stands in forests (in contrast to free-standing trees). The circumference was measured with a calibrated tape measure at 1.30 meters above ground level. Other age determination formulas given in the specialist literature (for example according to Mitchell) only gave slightly different results.
Comparable tree populations under similar growing conditions
In the Wilhelmsbad landscape park in Hanau there are oak populations that were created under conditions similar to those in the Enkheimer Ried (soil, moisture, nutrients). The landscape park of Hanau Count Wilhelm IX./I. von Hessen-Kassel was laid out in 1777 and was previously a forest area used as a hunting area. The park views from this period are very well and precisely documented in numerous engravings and maps in the museum there. They show, for example, already strongly developed solitary trees to the southeast of the castle and in some striking places in the park. a. with strong oaks. Some of these striking tree solitaires (for example on a small hill next to the spring pavilion and to the left of the Schneckenberg) could easily be found again in the places indicated at the time during measurements on October 23, 2016. They have circumferences between 4.50 and 4.80 meters. It can be certain that these trees germinated well before the year 1700, probably even around the year 1600, three of them are therefore under nature protection. The city of Hanau indicates that these three trees are 370 to 420 years old. In terms of habit and development, these trees are quite comparable to the oldest trees in Enkheimer Ried and at Berger Warte.
Geodata of the eleven oldest oaks> 280 years
50 ° 9 ′ 12.5 ″ N , 8 ° 46 ′ 48 ″ E
50 ° 9 ′ 16 ″ N , 8 ° 46 ′ 56.3 ″ E
50 ° 9 ′ 23.6 ″ N , 8 ° 46 ′ 51, 5 " O
50 ° 8 '50.2" N , 8 ° 47' 29.9 " E
50 ° 8 '50.1" N , 8 ° 47' 28.4 " E
50 ° 8 '54 .1 " N , 8 ° 47 '34.1 " O
50 ° 8' 51.5" N , 8 ° 46 '9.1 " O
50 ° 8' 44.4" N , 8 ° 46 '11.8 " O
50 ° 8 ′ 11.4 ″ N , 8 ° 45 ′ 2.5 ″ O
50 ° 8 ′ 12.5 ″ N , 8 ° 45 ′ 0.8 ″ E
50 ° 8 ′ 18 ″ N , 8 ° 45 ′ 5, 9 ″ O
Schwanheim old oaks
The Schwanheim old oaks , which are said to be around 500 years old , are particularly well-known in the Frankfurt area as an exceptional tree population . However, in the specialist articles available on Schwanheim's old oaks, trunk circumferences averaged 2.75 to 5 meters, which indicates an age less than 500 years.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ cf. Emmel, L .: Chronicle of a landscape on the Lower Main - Bergen-Enkheim . Frankfurt a. M. 1985, p. 27
- ^ Nadine Benedix: Frankfurt-Bergen-Enkheim: Enkheim's oldest contemporary witnesses . Article in the Frankfurter Rundschau of October 21, 2016, accessed on June 22, 2017
- ^ Thomas J. Schmidt: Enkheim - 350 year old trees are not yet natural monuments . Article in the Frankfurter Neue Presse on October 25, 2016, accessed on June 22, 2017
- ↑ Images and short articles on the topic of Grenzeichen on gfh-westerwald.de ( Memento from October 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Photo on flickr.com
- ↑ "Warning, border" - Photo on fotocommunity.de
- ↑ Grenzeichen and Stein, Dudenhausen . Photo on fotocommunity.de ( Memento from October 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Photo on 2.bp.blogspot.com
- ↑ cf. Emmel, L .: Chronicle of a landscape on the Lower Main - Bergen-Enkheim . Frankfurt a. M. 1985, p. 23
- ^ [Around Frankfurt] approx. 1865 [Rödelheim sheet after 1865] - 2. Offenbach-Frankfurt. Historical maps. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
- ↑ City map and street map of Frankfurt am Main from 1715. Archived from the original on June 2, 2017 ; accessed on June 27, 2017 .
- ^ Electorate of Hesse 1840-1861 - 106. Bergen. Historical maps. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
- ↑ Plan of the Bataille of Bergen. Retrieved June 27, 2017 .
- ↑ Article about the Senckenberg biotope mapping on senckenberg.de (accessed on June 22, 2017)
- ↑ Article Flora von Frankfurt on frankfurt-greencity.de
- ↑ "Predicate particularly valuable": orchards and forest. Retrieved June 27, 2017 .
- ^ Flora-Frankfurt. Retrieved June 27, 2017 .
- ↑ Determination of the age of the tree. Comparison of different determination methods in practice. Retrieved June 27, 2017 .
- ↑ The growth of oaks and red oaks. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017 ; accessed on June 27, 2017 .
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