Frankfurt city forest

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The Frankfurt city forest borders on the urban development of Frankfurt to the south. In the foreground a part of the Oberwald , view from the southeast. Behind it the Frankfurt skyline, also known as “ Mainhattan ”, and the Taunus low mountain range on the horizon . Photo from May 2007, view from the Goethe Tower .

The Frankfurt City Forest is the municipal forest property of the City of Frankfurt am Main . In the narrower sense, it is a 5785 hectare forest area in the south of Frankfurt, of which 3866 hectares are within the city limits. The urban forest south of the Main takes up around 14% of the urban area with an area of ​​around 35 km². He went in the 14th century from a part of the historical game ban Dreieich indicate a spell forest owned by the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation . This forest area has been owned by the city of Frankfurt since 1372. Today the forest is mainly used for education, leisure and recreation and, to a lesser extent, is still used for forestry and agriculture.

In a broader sense, the term Frankfurt city forest means the entirety of all forest areas in the Frankfurt city area. In addition to the largest urban forest in terms of area, south of the Main, this includes several smaller forest areas scattered across the urban area. These are the Biegwald , the Niedwald and Ginnheimer and the Praunheimer Wäldchen in the Niddapark to the west of the city center, the Riederwald , the Enkheimer Wald and the Fechenheimer Wald to the east of the center , and the Nieder-Erlenbacher and the Nieder-Eschbacher Wald to the north of the urban area . Together, these forest areas are an essential part of the Frankfurt green belt established in 1991 , which extensively surrounds the city.

topography

A section of the Kelsterbach terrace , post-glacial terrain between the Schwanheimer Wald and Unterwald. View from the north.

The core area of ​​the Frankfurt city forest extends over a west-east width of about 15 kilometers and a north-south extension of about 3 kilometers over the southern areas of the Schwanheim , Sachsenhausen and Oberrad districts and the northern part of the airport district . In addition to the Dresdner Heide , the Frankfurt City Forest is one of the largest municipal forests in Germany . It forms the northern part of the Dreieichforst , which emerged from the medieval Dreieich wilderness.

The city forest is traditionally divided into three parts: The upper forest to the east and the lower forest to the west are both slightly elevated compared to the lower level. The Schwanheim forest with the Schwanheim meadows , on the other hand, is on the plain. It is clearly demarcated from the lower forest adjoining it to the south by the eight kilometer long Kelsterbacher Terrasse - a terrain level from the Pliocene , which is a section of the southern boundary of the glacial valley of the river Main . Above the terrace, the centuries-old border corridor runs as part of an old road from Frankfurt am Main to Mainz . The archaeological finds made at the border corridor and in its immediate vicinity since the 19th century - several surface finds as well as fields of barrows from the European Bronze Age  - indicate that paths along the upper edge of the Kelsterbach terrace already existed in the Neolithic Age . These findings allow the conclusion that the border corridor is one of the oldest documented road connections in what is now Frankfurt's urban area.

Waters in the city forest

The Jacobi pond, which is centrally located in the city forest, is the largest still water there in terms of area. View of the shore from the northeast.
The Königsbach flows along the Stoltzeschneise along the Königswiese
The Königsbrünnchen, a spring set in stone in the 19th century on the Oberschweinstiege

Still waters

There are a total of eight still waters in the Frankfurt city forest . Seven of them were created by human hands in the course of the 20th century in the Oberwald to regulate the water balance. Six have the word pond in their name, although according to inland water science ( limnology ) they are ponds . These are the Jacobiweiher , the Tiroler Weiher , the Maunzenweiher , the Försterwiesenweiher , the Kesselbruchweiher and the Scherbelinoweiher. The only exception is the grass trough. The only naturally formed pond in the city forest, the Rohsee in the far west of the lower forest, an oxbow lake of the River Main , however, is a pond .

With six hectares of water surface, the largest still water in the city forest is the Jacobi pond. This pond, which was created by forester Hans Bernhard Jacobi in 1931/32 by damming the Königsbach , is also referred to by some Frankfurters as the " Vierwaldstättersee " because of its layout . Otherwise, this nickname comes from the fact that the area of ​​the surrounding city forest touches the boundaries of four "cities" - those of the Frankfurt districts of Niederrad, Oberrad and Sachsenhausen and, in the south, that of the city of Neu-Isenburg .

Flowing waters

The urban forest is crossed by three naturally formed rivers . From west to east these are the Kelster in the far west , roughly in the geographical center of the forest the Königsbach (both are left tributaries of the Main) and the stream from the Mörderbrunnen in the south of the Oberwald, whose water is close to the city limits to Neu-Isenburg from the right the Königsbach flows into. In addition, there are several drainage ditches, some of which only carry water temporarily.

swell

There are several springs in the city ​​forest . The Königsbrünnchen located north of the Jacobi pond forms the setting for four springs and was built in 1881. The water contains iron hydroxide (brown color) and hydrogen sulfide (slightly putrid smell). The spring water is drinkable, but has not yet been officially tested for water quality. After a few meters, the stream fed by these springs flows into the Königsbach from the right. Other fountains in the city forest are the stone-set and dried up Königsbrunnen a few meters west of the Königsbrünnchen (both names refer to the former royal forest of Wildbann Dreieich) and the killer fountain. The name of the latter comes from a local folk tale , which is documented on site on an information board.

fauna and Flora

Beech population at the Jacobi pond

The Frankfurt city forest is home to a wide variety of animal and plant species. A research group at the Senckenberg Research Institute is responsible for recording biodiversity . In 2000, 700 plant species were counted, 45 of which are considered endangered. There have been particularly large changes in the composition of the flora of the city forest in the past hundred years. The comparison of the most recent figures with historical records shows both the disappearance of many originally existing species and an increase in non-native plant species ( neophytes ). This flora, added through self-propagation or planting, poses a problem if its rate of spread displaces native species.

Flora: tree species and forest types

A large number of different tree species and - depending on the nature of the soil - also a variety of forest types can be found in the Frankfurt city forest. The tree species that dominate the city forest are oaks ( Quercus , around 35%), beeches ( Fagus , around 22%), some of which are among the largest in Hesse , as well as larger populations of Scots pine ( Pinus silvestris , about 30%). The remaining 13 percent of tree species include birch ( Betula ), hornbeam ( Carpinus ), spruce ( Picea ) and Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga ).

The forest types represented in the city forest include acidic oak forests (in the Schwanheimer Wald), which make up almost a third of the Hessian population, English oak-hornbeam forests, woodruff-beech forests and hornbeam-beech forests. There are also occurrences of alder quarry forest with black alder ( Alnus glutinosa , on the Rohsee and in the Clee'ischen wood north of the Jacobi pond ), ash forest and softwood alluvial forest.

Flora: herb layer

Wild garlic “carpet” between black alder trees ( Alnus glutinosa ) on Königsbach in the Clee'ischen wood

Of the 700 plant species occurring in the urban forest, plant species of the herb layer also contributed to the classification of large areas of the urban forest as habitats worthy of protection according to the Habitats Directive . A census showed 45 rare species that are endangered according to the Red Lists of Germany and Hesse. Examples of this are the common columbine ( Aquilegia vulgaris ) and the branchy grass lily ( Anthericum ramosum ).

In the FFH areas of Schwanheimer Wald (to which part of the southern Unterwald belongs) and Oberwald , the green broom moss ( Dicranum viride ) should be emphasized, which among other things grows in greater density along the railway lines crossing the forest. Protected plant species that can also be found are Nordic bedstraw ( Galium boreale ), diptame ( Dictamnus albus ) and dyer's sip ( Serratula tinctoria ).

For example, wild garlic ( Allium ursinum ) is not subject to FFH protection . This has particularly extensive occurrences in an area from the alder forest Clee'isches Wäldchen in the north to the route of the federal highway 3 in the south. In the Clee'ian grove there are also stocks of other spring bloomers such as yellow anemone ( Anemone ranunculoides ), the arum ( Arum maculatum ) , which has striking red-orange fruit in spring, and the fingered lark spur ( Corydalis solida ).

Flora: natural monuments in the city forest

A number of areas and trees in the city forest are protected as natural monuments . The Grastränke bird protection tree on Babenhäuser Landstrasse has a small pond where ice poles used to be cut in winter . Southeast of the Oberschweinstiege is a group of three distinctive Canadian hemlocks ( Tsuga canadensis ), which are not native to the city forest and rarely grow to this size. Not far from there are four tulip trees ( Liriodendron tulipifera ), also from North America . The imperial firs are a group of around 50 Scots pines ( Pinus sylvestris ) that are around 280 years old in the upper forest on both sides of the Hainerweg. About 30 of the old Schwanheim oaks , estimated to be over 500 years old, are still preserved. Not nearly as old, but with a trunk circumference of more than five meters, the two strong oaks, some 27 meters high, southeast of the Oberschweinstiege are very impressive.

On the southern edge of the Enkheimer Ried nature reserve there are also exceptional stocks of old oaks (“Enkheimer old oaks”) with a trunk circumference of 3 to 4.74 meters, an age between 250 and 380 years and heights between 25 and 35 meters. There are currently 30 individual specimens, which are mainly concentrated in four locations in the approximately 23.3 hectare Enkheim forest.

Fauna: wildlife

Insects and arachnids

The on the old oaks Schwanheimer living stag beetle ( Lucanus cervus ) is one of the rare and endangered species of insects in the city forest.

The numbers of animal species recorded, also from the year 2000, are far greater than those of the plant species. The most species-rich group is made up of insects: In addition to over 1300 species of beetles  - including the stag beetle ( Lucanus cervus ) and the billy buck ( Cerambyx cerdo ) in the Schwanheimer Wald, 376 species of butterflies (Lepidoptera) - 50 of which are endangered - and 30 species of dragonflies occur in the city forest (Odonata), a third of which are classified as endangered. An example of this is the very rare wedge-spot mosaic maiden ( Aeshna isosceles ), which was observed in 2000 at one of the ponds in the Oberwald.

Arachnids (Arachnida) with 357 types - 17 thereof Opiliones  - including many rare, are the next largest after diversity group. The species represented in the city forest include the common wallpaper spider ( Atypus affinis ), the web-building, large spider species wasp spider ( Argiope bruennichi ) and garden spider ( Araneus diadematus ) as well as at least one species of the wolf spiders (Lycosidae) that specialize in lurking . Unlike these more conspicuous examples, the majority of these arachnids are difficult to observe due to their small body size (the smallest of the native species do not grow larger than a millimeter), their hidden way of life or night activity.

Birds

The middle woodpecker is a breeding bird that can often be found in the Schwanheimer Wald.

This is followed by around 100 bird species, of which 79 species breed in the city forest, including the tawny owl ( Strix aluco, in Germany Bird of the Year 2017). Woodpeckers (Picidae) of all native species can be found in the upper forest around the Jacobi pond . The strictly protected middle woodpecker ( Leiopicus medius ) has a particularly large population with an estimated 80 to 100 breeding pairs. Another breeding bird found in the FFH area Schwanheimer Wald is the black kite ( Milvus migrans ). The bird species that can also be observed in and around the Jacobi pond include the gray heron ( Ardea cinerea ), the kingfisher ( Alcedo atthis ), cormorants ( Phalacrocorax carbo ) as well as stocks of the "ornamental bird" that brood there in the 19th century as a neozoon and initially privately kept Mandarin duck ( Aix galericulata ) introduced to Frankfurt .

Mammals

Furthermore, native to the city forest 36 species of mammals, of which 10 (according to other sources 11, "in some cases very strong stocks") strictly protected species of bats  - examples are the noctule ( Nyctalus noctula ), the Bechstein's bat ( Myotis bechsteinii ) and with the great mouse- eared bat ( Myotis myotis ) the largest of the bat species found in Germany. The latter two species are considered endangered across Europe.

Large mammals that are widespread in the forest include, in particular, wild boars ( Sus scrofa ). Their population has been increasing for several years, due to mild winters and a resulting drop in the mortality rate of young animals ( hunter's language : "freshlings") as well as the increase in natural food supply (→ acorn fattening ). Due to the proximity of the forest to settlements, as in other urban forests, wild boars in search of forage penetrate more often than before in home gardens. In Frankfurt these are mainly the districts of Schwanheim, Niederrad and Sachsenhausen in the south of Main - west of the federal motorway 5  , which acts as a barrier for the animals - in settlements whose buildings are directly adjacent to the forest. The Frankfurt Lower Hunting Authority tries to contain the damage caused by the animals through increased hunting of the wild boar and thus to keep their population constant. In a booklet published by the local office for green spaces, the City of Frankfurt's Magistrate provides information about the occurrence of animals in the city forest and their way of life, as well as how they deal with these wild animals in the event of chance encounters and conflicts with human interests.

Other mammal species that can be found in the urban forest and are classified as hoofed game are fallow deer ( Dama dama ) and the mouflon ( Ovis gmelini musimon ) that settled there in the 1950s . The red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) disappeared from the city forest as early as the 18th century (possibly due to excessive hunting). The numbers of roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ) have been declining there for some years due to increasing alarm from traffic arteries and walkers with dogs.

At small game are few red fox ( Vulpes vulpes ) and Hare ( Lepus europaeus found); The common small mammals include the dormouse ( Glis glis ) as well as the squirrels ( Sciurus vulgaris ) and wild rabbits ( Oryctulagus cuniculus ), which are also common in urban parks and gardens . In the city forest there are also occurrences of polecat ( Mustela putorius ) and stone marten ( Martes foina ), whereas the pine marten ( Martes martes ), which is more typical of wooded areas, is absent there. The water shrew ( Neomy fodiens ), which occasionally occurs in bodies of water in the Oberwald , is observed very rarely .

Amphibians and reptiles

The 2000 census also revealed a total of nine amphibian species , five of which are considered endangered. An example of a more common amphibian species there is the common toad ( Bufo bufo ), which some of the ponds in the forest serve as spawning waters in spring. The only known occurrence of the fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra ) in Frankfurt is documented for the Oberwald . Another amphibian species that frequently occurs in the urban forest and is considered to be endangered in Germany is the agile frog ( Rana dalmatina ) - in the years 2000 and 2001, around 1500 spawning females of this species were counted in the eastern urban forest. The sand lizard ( Lacerta agilis ) is a strictly protected representative of the lizards in sunny places in the Schwanheim Forest .

Hazards

There have been records of forest damage, primarily through natural events, since the 19th century. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, late frosts occurred about every other year , which damaged the forest. Especially on May 27, 1858 and May 18, 1871 all young trees and most of the old trees froze to the top. Isolated reports of severe storm damage date back to the years 1491, 1606 and 1685. From the 18th century, there are more precise records that show that major storms or hurricanes occur approximately every 10 to 15 years . Particularly severe damage was caused by the so-called storm of the century on February 15, 1833, the hurricane on March 12 and 13, 1876 , in which around 30,000  solid meters fell, about twice the normal logging of a year, and the south-west storm on October 6, 1901 with around 20,000 Fixed meters and, more recently, the Wiebke storm on February 28, 1990.

Significant forest fires occurred primarily in the pine stands on the dry soils of the lower forest, especially on April 19, 1779 in the Hinkelsteinforst on the Kelsterbach border, on June 15, 1870 in the Vierherrenstein area on today's airport grounds, and on June 7, 1875 and on April 7, 1887 in Gehren, where between 20 and 30 hectares of pine forest were cremated. After the Frankfurt professional fire brigade was founded and equipped with modern steam sprayers in 1887, there were no more major forest fires.

Large traffic arteries such as the B 43 (here at Frankfurter Kreuz ) pollute fauna and flora in the city forest.

The numerous traffic arteries that cut through the area pose a threat to biodiversity in the urban forest. These traffic routes not only hinder animals on their migration in search of food and during the breeding season, but also pollute fauna and flora through pollutant emissions and noise. Further hazards arise from disturbances from vehicles and pedestrians who penetrate the living and breeding areas of animals or damage the vegetation when leaving the network of paths. So that the game population in the city forest is not further disturbed, the Forestry Office of the City of Frankfurt is in favor of restricting the expansion of the existing leisure infrastructure - for example through further routes, rest areas, benches and signage. Finally, the forestry use through logging and other measures represent a hazard factor for the local fauna and flora: Many animal species are dependent on old trees and dead wood ; the timber industry, however, needs younger trees for the production of high-quality timber . Quite a few trees are therefore felled before they can be fully used by the fauna.

Protective measures

With the green belt constitution adopted in 1991 , the city council laid the foundation for the protection and further development of the Frankfurt green belt, to which almost the entire city forest belongs. In 1994 the Darmstadt Regional Council issued the ordinance on the landscape protection area with the official designation Green Belt and Green Corridors in the city of Frankfurt am Main . The ordinance has been amended and expanded several times, most recently in 2017. The urban forest is protected from development by the ordinance and the Green Belt Constitution. Measures that can change the area or impair its recreational value are subject to approval.

Nature reserves in the narrower sense and with stricter protection regulations do not yet exist in the Frankfurt city forest (as of 2020) In order to protect fauna and flora, the State of Hesse has two specially protected fauna and flora habitats (FFH) in addition to its status as a landscape protection area. -Areas designated.

FFH area Schwanheimer Wald

Schwanheim Forest

IUCN Category IV - Habitat / Species Management Area

location Frankfurt-Schwanheim
surface 762.45 hectares
Identifier 5917-305
WDPA ID 555521216
Natura 2000 ID DE5917305
Setup date 2003

In the western part of the city forest is the 762 hectare FFH area Schwanheimer Wald with the raw lake, the Schwanheimer old oaks and parts of the lower forest. Acid oak forests dominate the Schwanheimer Wald and Unterwald, which together make up almost a third of the entire Hessian population. There are also areas with common oak and hornbeam forests and with hornbeam and beech forests. A special feature of the Schwanheimer Wald are the Schwanheimer Meadows , with an area of ​​around 13 hectares, with predominantly cultivated rough meadows and a small part of sub-Mediterranean semi- arid grass .

FFH area Frankfurter Oberwald

Frankfurt Oberwald

IUCN Category IV - Habitat / Species Management Area

location Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen
surface 301.34 hectares
Identifier 5918-303
WDPA ID 555521218
Natura 2000 ID DE5918303
Setup date 2003

The approximately 300 hectare FFH area Frankfurter Oberwald in Sachsenhausen extends from the Jacobiweiher in an easterly direction over the Darmstädter Landstrasse to the Babenhäuser Landstrasse on the city limits of Offenbach. It is characterized by two different botanical types of beech forests, grove beech forest and woodruff beech forest. which forms one of the most important stocks in the region. Some of the red beech trees in the Oberwald at the Jacobiweiher are considered to be the tallest of their kind in Hesse.

Further protective measures

Big noctule in breeding cave

Trees in the urban forest are under individual protection, where breeding caves are recognized. Such caves created by the effects of weather, biological decomposition by microbes and fungi or woodpeckers serve as resting, nesting and hibernation areas for a large number of animal species - mammals, birds and insects. Bats, which are among the best-known and most endangered tree cavity users, deserve special mention. Bats often inhabit individual tree hollows for generations; a colony of animals using a single den can consist of up to a thousand individuals. To protect the tree cave dwellers, the environmental agency of the city of Frankfurt, funded by the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) , has known cave trees mapped and marked with plaques. These serve as orientation for forest work such as pruning or felling measures.

Since 1984, every year in July and August, the development of forest damage and the foliage of the treetops has been examined on 166 test areas . 10 individual trees are marked on each area, which form a grid about 500 meters apart. The biodiversity of the 1660 trees roughly corresponds to the distribution in the city forest: around 40 percent are oaks, 34 percent pines and 26 percent beeches. The Green Area Office publishes a forest status report every two years. The reports show that the number of damaged trees initially rose sharply in the 1980s. In the 1990s, only 20 percent of the trees were temporarily healthy. Since then, the condition of the forest has improved again due to the protective measures, with dry summers such as 2003 in particular putting a strain on the trees. In 2014, around 38 percent of the trees were healthy and around 62 percent were damaged to varying degrees. The level of damage was thus at its lowest level in 20 years. Above all, the proportion of seriously damaged older trees has fallen from almost 60 percent at times to 28 percent.

Since 2000, the Frankfurt Senckenberg Research Institute has been carrying out floristic and faunistic studies, species inventories and biotope mapping in the entire part of the city forest south of the Main every five years in order to determine the existence, endangerment, need for protection and development potential of the animal and plant species found there. The institute makes the reports and maps based on it available to the public.

Human history of use

The rest of a Roman well from the 2nd / 3rd centuries. Century in the Schwanheim forest

Prehistoric use and antiquity

The oldest human traces in the Frankfurt city forest, documented by archaeological finds of artefacts, date from the Paleolithic Age . The previously oldest find is an arrowhead made of flint . The oldest remains of the settlement found so far, excavated in the area of ​​the Kelsterbach terrace, are dated to this time. Several other finds, also artefacts from the Kelsterbach Terrace area, are remains of tools assigned to the Neolithic Age . The menhir lane in the Unterwald got its name from a large menhir that used to stand here. It was smashed in the 19th century to make boundary stones from it.

For the historical epoch known as the European Bronze Age , the number of archaeological finds from the city forest is increasing: 67 barrows from the Hallstatt period were found in the Schwanheim Forest . These graves as well as the results of scientific excavations found at the Rohsee, interpreted as the remains of a river port, prove the settlement of the area by humans in this epoch. However, the mentioned barrows are neither specially marked nor specially highlighted in the area. Due to the soil erosion that has taken place over thousands of years, as well as the recent growth of trees and sometimes dense undergrowth , many of these graves can only be identified with difficulty in the area. The exhibits found there are in the Weltkulturen Museum (formerly Museum für Völkerkunde), in the Historisches Museum Frankfurt and in the Heimatmuseum of the Schwanheim district.

Also in the Schwanheimer Wald on the western edge of the city forest, on the Römerweg in the vicinity of the Rohsee, you can visit the remainder of a well from the late Roman period that belonged to a nearby villa rustica . A burial from Roman times was found in an archaeological excavation in the well, which was previously several meters deep and is now filled in (due to the circumstances of the find, a special burial is assumed ); the skeleton of a young man excavated there and the grave goods belonging to it are the focus of the exhibition at the Schwanheim Local History Museum.

middle Ages

One of the 15th century boundary stones on the Schäferstein Path

In medieval times the area of the city forest to belong Wildbann Dreieich , a royal spell forest . In 1221, Emperor Friedrich II donated parts of today's city forest with the Sandhof and the associated hunting and grazing rights to the Teutonic Order , who set up a commander in Sachsenhausen . On May 10, 1235, King Heinrich (VII.) Granted the citizens of Frankfurt half of the proceeds of the Frankfurt Mint as well as wood from the Dreieich Wildbann to repair the important Main Bridge , which had been damaged by a flood.

In 1351, Emperor Karl IV pledged the part of the royal forest bordering Frankfurt for 400 pounds of Heller to the Wetterau bailiff Ulrich III. from Hanau . Together with other acquisitions, especially in the Bornheimerberg area , he threatened to include the city and make it part of his domain. In 1363 the Frankfurt patrician Siegfried bought the pledge on the Reichsforst for Paradise . Thereupon several Frankfurt lay judges, including Johann von Holzhausen , joined forces and negotiated with the emperor about a redemption of the liens by the city. On June 2, 1372, Emperor Charles IV issued the document with which the city acquired the mayor's office and the imperial forest in exchange for 8,800 guilders each  .

“ We Karl von Got's grace roman keizer, c at all times merer of the empire and kunig czu Behem, confess and do kunt obviously with disem brieve… because we… sell right and talkative… us and the empire dear people to the mayors, scheffen, advise and burgern commonly our place in Frankenfort located on the Meyne ... the forest and the welde, which is called the forest, the bookwright and daz lehen, located in Frankenfurt over the bridges, sampt and besunder, with all ires rights, interest, pensions, use , shouting, forest, pushing, laughing, heathen, grazing, meadows, alpine pastures and otherwise waz dorzu belongs to rights odir gewonheide ... "

- Document given in Mainz on June 2, 1372

The city had thus become imperial . The large city forest not only secured their wood supply, but also served as a pasture and hunting area. According to the document, the city forest was divided into the western lower forest, which is mainly covered by oaks, and the eastern beech forest or upper forest.

In 1484 the city finally acquired by a comparison with the Teutonic Order for 1,400 guilders the woodland between Sandhof and Niederrad , the wood hedges. The numerous boundary stones of this comparison can still be seen today on the Schäfersteinpfad , a circular hiking trail created in the 20th century along this corridor boundary.

Use as a hut forest

Signpost for the Unterschweinstiege in the Unterwald

From the years 1491 to 1812, fattening lists have been preserved that provide information about the annual livestock movement. Under the supervision of a particular to Councilor climbed the Stieger in the fall with the help of crampons individual masts to the expected yield of acorns and beechnuts appreciate. The number of pigs to be herd in October and November was then determined. An average of 500 to 600 animals were brought in annually, in the best fattening year 1779 it was up to 1470. The pig tunnels built in the upper and lower forests at the beginning of the 18th century served the herds as shelters or stables. In the city forest in the Schwanheim area there are groups of so-called " thousand year old oaks "; however, most of them are estimated to be no more than about 500 years old. Until the end of the 19th century, these large trees served Schwanheim farmers as hat oaks (→ Hutewald ) , the rich yield of which was used on site for autumnal cattle fattening. The place names Oberschweinstiege and Unterschweinstiege in the city forest testify to its use as a hut forest up to the present day .

Modern times

forestry

Oberforsthaus 1904 with a train of the Frankfurt Forest Railway
On the Waldlehrpfad Historischer Wanderweg Schwanheim are the old oaks from Schwanheim  - about thirty several hundred years old hat trees , which are among the oldest trees in the city forest. In the picture an already dead, particularly stately grown specimen.

Again for the care of the forest and to devastated or light become stocks reforest , was sown on 1426 in the city forest. The execution was in the hands of Tannensäern dispatched from Nuremberg , who planted Nuremberg forest seeds (mostly Scots pine, Pinus silvestris ) according to the Nuremberg technique originally developed by Peter Stromer . Nevertheless, the forest suffered so much from the annual cattle drive in and the intensive use of wood over time that the council decided in 1696 to counteract the increasing desertification through systematic forest management. The council issued an ordinance which appointed the two mayors to be forest masters for a further year after their one-year term of office had expired . They were responsible for securing the forest borders, improving the paths and afforestation. In 1729 the council appointed the first full-time chief forester who moved into the newly built forest house , which is shown as a copperplate engraving from around 1810 by Johann Christian Berndt (1748-1812). Another forester's house was built in 1731 on the Hinkelstein on the western tree line.

In order to maintain the forest, the under forest was divided into eight parts, two of which were to be kept for 40 years each in order to promote growth. Other regulations specified that only abgängiges , that is dead or lying on the ground wood could be collected, timber removal limited to a summer day and winter to two or restricted the use of axes. Nevertheless, the initially small number of foresters did not succeed in effectively combating the forest crime committed by the citizens of Sachsenhausen and the residents of the surrounding villages of Schwanheim, Kelsterbach and Isenburg. This was mainly a result of the rapid population increase in the 18th century. In Sachsenhausen, for example, the number of families dependent on the gathering and trading of wood rose from 283 in 1729 to 505 in 1763.

The transition to modern forestry was only possible under the chief forester Johannes Vogel, who came from Eppstein and was in office from 1766 until his death in 1797. He was so successful that his son Philipp Vogel (1797) and his grandson Friedrich Vogel (1822) were named his direct successors and continued his work.

The forest area remained largely closed until the middle of the 19th century, after which the first cuts were made due to the construction of the railway and later the construction of roads. Larger forest areas were lost for the construction of the racecourse (1865) and the forest stadium (1925) as well as for the construction of Frankfurt Airport from 1936. The forest losses in the 20th century total around 500 hectares.

In the 20th century, the forest suffered mainly from increasing air pollution. In 1993, the city therefore declared the largest part of the city forest, around 3800 hectares, to be a ban forest in order to protect it from future interference. Since the city forest is considered to be the “green lung” of the Main metropolis, there has also been a municipal resolution since 1991 with the Green Belt Constitution unanimously adopted by the city council, according to which no interventions in the tree population may be made unless it is replanted elsewhere. However, sustainable interventions are required to maintain the tree population. Since the end of the 20th century, tree felling has averaged 14,000 cubic meters per year. The proportion of pines is gradually reduced; The plan is to expand the proportion of deciduous forest to around 70% of the tree population.

hunt

The Wildbann Dreieich was once very rich in game. In addition to deer and wild boar, there were up to their local extinction also bears , wolves and lynx in the wild spell, as top predators regulated the survival of wildlife. With the population growth in the Middle Ages and the increasing use of the forest for cattle driving and logging, the game gradually disappeared. In 1791 the Imperial Court of Justice ruled in a long smoldering legal dispute with Ysenburg in favor of the Imperial City of Frankfurt, which then had the unrestricted sole hunting rights in the former imperial game ban. Until 1850, every innocent Frankfurt citizen who had taken the oath and was not in arrears with his tax payments was allowed to hunt freely against payment of two Reichstalers in compliance with the closed seasons and other legal provisions. Special provisions applied to the annual snipe stroke. Even after the Frankfurt Hunting Act of August 2, 1850, free hunting in the city forest continued until the city abolished it in 1882 and leased the hunting rights. After that, the wild populations increased considerably. After the First and Second World Wars , there was a significant decline in populations due to increasing poaching . After the Second World War, fallow deer and wild boar in particular increased . Every year around 300 game are shot in the city forest, including around 150 to 200 wild boars.

Drinking water production

Hinkelstein waterworks

In 1884 the engineer William Heerlein Lindley , who at that time built Frankfurt's first alluvial sewer system and sewage treatment plant in Niederrad, discovered abundant groundwater resources in the Frankfurt city forest. The first waterworks at the Oberforsthaus was built as early as the summer of 1885, pumping 5,000 cubic meters of groundwater every day and feeding it into the city's public drinking water network, which has existed since 1873, via an elevated tank at the Sachsenhäuser Warte . In order to meet the growing drinking water demand in Frankfurt, the Goldstein waterworks were built in 1888 and the Hinkelstein waterworks in 1894, which were able to extract 12,000 and 18,000 cubic meters, respectively, per day. The most recent addition was the Schwanheim waterworks in 1955, with a daily output of 16,000 cubic meters. After several modernizations, the waterworks are still in operation today and pump around 20 million cubic meters of water annually. The drinking water pumped in the city forest covers around 15 percent of the city's consumption.

In order to avoid the drought damage caused by the abstraction of groundwater, the targeted infiltration of Main water began in 1907, initially on a trial basis and systematically from 1912 . An example from this period is the Tiroler Weiher pond, built in the late 1950s, south of the Oberforsthaus. The built in 1959 on the Lower Ufer Main water treatment facility can accommodate up to 30,000 cubic meters of water through a network of perforated pipes cement into the aquifer daily infiltrate . The Main water supplied to the groundwater flows from the infiltration to the extraction well for about six months.

To protect the groundwater from pollution, the city forest has been designated as a water protection area since 1998 . The main danger comes from the roads leading through the urban forest and from the airport. In 1977, in a railway accident near the Goldstein waterworks, around 30,000 liters of light heating oil leaked and some of it penetrated the ground. At the airport, de-icing agents and cleaning agents containing urea , which were not carefully collected, polluted the floor with nitrates and chlorinated hydrocarbons . Since the 1990s, extensive renovation measures at the airport in connection with the construction of activated carbon filter systems have ensured the protection of the drinking water wells in the city forest.

Forest management

The approximately 43 m high Goethe Tower was one of the tallest wooden buildings in Germany.

After the area of ​​the city forest came into the possession of the city of Frankfurt in the 14th century, two former mayors were initially responsible for forest supervision for a period of one year after their term of office. From the early 17th century onwards, this period could be extended indefinitely if the suitability for the subject was proven. Since 1726, by decree of Emperor Charles VI. only professionally trained persons are designated as forest masters.

Forestry director from 1726 to 2002

  • 1726–1734: Riding chief forester Baur v. Eysseneck
  • 1734–1763: Chief Forester Johann David Klotz
  • 1764–1766: Forester Johann Hermann Klotz
  • 1767–1797: Chief Forester Johannes Vogel
  • 1798–1828: Chief Forester Philipp Friedrich Vogel
  • 1829–1839: Chief Forester Johannes Friedrich Vogel
  • 1840–1887: Forester Friedrich Schott von Schottenstein
  • 1887–1901: Forester Carl Friedrich Philipp Hensel
  • 1901–1918: Forester Ludwig Friedrich August Haus
  • 1918–1927: Forester Carl Eduard Otto Fleck
  • 1927–1940: Forester Hans Bernhard Jacobi
  • 1940–1972: Forest Director Kurt Ruppert
  • 1973–2002: Chief Forestry Director Werner Ebert

Administrative structure since 2002

Since 2002, the lower forest authority under the name StadtForst has been a specialist department of the municipal green areas office. According to § 48 of the Hessian Forest Act in the version of 2002, the StadtForst is subordinate to the regional council as the upper forest authority. The highest forest authority is the responsible state ministry. The Frankfurt city forest is now managed by a total of six forest offices, each with their own forest districts: Fechenheim, Goldstein, Niederrad, Oberrad, Sachsenhausen and Schwanheim.

Educational offers

The former forest school home in the Oberwald, since 2003 GrünGürtel forest school

Several offices of the City of Frankfurt - including the Environment Office and the Green Space Office - organize and maintain educational offers for children and adults on the subject of forests in the city forest, which complement each other didactically. In addition to municipal organizations, other regional and supra-regional associations are also involved in the educational program.

A key part of the program is the StadtWaldHaus south of the Jacobi pond : near the Oberschweinstiege is the former pheasantry and with it the information center founded in 1995. The building is built around the trunk of a large oak tree and serves as a teaching station, supervised on weekends by volunteer employees of the German Forest Protection Association . In addition to exhibitions, there are enclosures and aviaries with some injured animals that are released after their recovery. From inside the house, the course of the seasons in a directly adjacent pond can be observed through a large porthole . An artificial stream runs through the middle of the exhibition rooms. In addition to the MainÄppelHaus on the Lohrberg and the old Bonames airfield , the Stadtwaldhaus is one of the three large information centers and learning stations in the Frankfurt green belt. On the grounds of the Fasanerie, the city of Frankfurt also operates a forest shop with the game room of the green area office, in which, depending on the season (→ closed  season ), there is the opportunity to purchase various types of fresh game as well as canned game from the hunting routes of the city ​​forester.

With the Grastränke , an information center with a focus on bird protection has existed in the Oberwald east of the Jacobi Pond since 1964 and is only open on Sundays . The site is jointly managed by the Naturschutzbund Deutschland and the Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald. Furthermore, in 2003, in the south of the Oberwald in a former forest school home, the city-supervised learning station GrünGürtel-Waldschule was set up, in which school classes are introduced to the subject of "forest habitat" in a clear and practical way.

These educational offers are complemented by several nature trails in the city forest, including a forest damage nature trail, the historic Schwanheim hiking trail , the Oberforsthaus circular trail and the Schwanheim forest trail. The city of Frankfurt offers accompanying information material in the form of books, brochures, hiking maps and leaflets that deepen the experiences made on site.

freetime and recreation

The Kobeltruhe on the northern edge of the Schwanheimer Wiesen, set up in honor of Wilhelm Kobelt, is one of several resting and resting places in the city forest.
Wäldchestag. Oil painting by Heinrich Hasselhorst , 1871.
The Struwwelpeter tree , a slightly modified willow tree ( Salix; see also: → Augenweide ) is one of several sculptures by F. K. Waechter from the series Komische Kunst in the Frankfurt city forest.

Since the late 19th century, the Frankfurt City Forest has been an important local recreation area for the citizens of the city and those of neighboring communities (Offenbach am Main, Neu-Isenburg, Kelsterbach). One of the first documented initiatives to rededicate the commercially used forest to a recreational area came from the Schwanheim doctor, zoologist and local researcher Wilhelm Kobelt in 1908 . On the initiative of Kobelt, who particularly campaigned for the workers in his adopted home Schwanheim (“the red Kobelt”), a recreation center for “convalescents and invalids” was set up on the northern edge of the Schwanheimer meadows . Many other recreational facilities based on various public initiatives followed in the course of the 20th century. In addition to numerous forest aisles, forest and riding trails, four educational forest trails and forest sports trails run through the city forest. There are also around 400 benches (as of 2011) and 25 shelters , which offer shelter in bad weather. These facilities as well as seven forest playgrounds close to the settlement (including Tannenwald on the edge of Neu-Isenburg , Scheerwald, Louisa and Am Goetheturm , on the site of which one of the tallest wooden buildings in Germany, the Goetheturm stood) as well as eight forest ponds attract numerous visitors - day-trippers, walkers and hikers, cyclists and equestrian - in this part of Frankfurt. Below are a few more examples of the use of the forest as a recreational area.

Every year on the Tuesday after Whitsun, the Wäldchestag , a traditional folk festival takes place on a specially designated area near the Oberforsthaus. Its origins are in the 18th century. Until the 1990s, the shops in Frankfurt were closed in the afternoon and the workers were off from 12 noon so they could move into the woods . The Wäldchestag was popularly known as the “Frankfurt National Day ”. The Frankfurt dialect poet and satirist Friedrich Stoltze rhymed in 1853:

"In the forest, everyone has to
By coach, on horseback, by railway,
By boat and on foot.
Un all shops un Condorn,
The are closed; Everything!
The Zeil lends like godforsaken
Even the dalles are empty ! ... "

The writer Adolf Stoltze wrote Schwank Alt-Frankfurt in 1887 , the seventh picture of which is set on the Wäldchestag .

The Waldstadion , built in 1925 south of the Oberforsthaus, was the venue for the first Workers' Olympics . Over the years it has been rebuilt and renewed several times, and on July 1, 2005 it was renamed the Commerzbank-Arena .

Playground on Monte Scherbelino in the late 1970s

The city forest forms the southern part of the landscape, nature reserve and local recreation area of ​​the Frankfurt Green Belt . Sections of the green belt circular cycle path and the green belt circular hiking path run through parts of the city forest. The “ Monte Scherbelino ” is a disused refuse and rubble dump (“garbage mountain”) set up in 1925 on the edge of the city forest. In the late 1960s, the use of the mountain in the extreme southeast of the forest on the city limits of Offenbach am Main was abandoned as a landfill. The 48 meter high mountain was sealed, covered with layers of earth and planted with trees. Leisure facilities such as an adventure playground and barbecue areas made the mountain a popular destination for local residents for several years. In the 1980s, the entire mountain and its immediate surroundings had to be closed to the public, as a health hazard for visitors could not be ruled out due to waste gas emissions and pollutants entering the groundwater.

In the city forest, several wooden sculptures based on designs by the Frankfurt draftsman and author F. K. Waechter from the Komische Kunst series have been permanently installed in the Frankfurt green belt since 2005 . These include the owl in a Norwegian sweater, monster woodpecker and monster children (oversized sculptures of acorns), the king of the squirrels and the pee tree. The sculpture Struwwelpeter-Baum , designed by Waechter, stands in the Schwanheimer Wiesen .

traffic

Frankfurter Kreuz and Frankfurt Airport are immediately adjacent to the city forest to the south.
Tram route to Neu-Isenburg

Since the 20th century, the Frankfurt city forest has been crossed or affected by a large number of traffic routes, including many heavily frequented ones of national to international importance. These include three federal motorways ( E 42 / A 3 , E 451 / A 5 and A 661 ), several federal highways ( B 3 , B 40 and B 43 ) as well as several southern arterial roads of local importance (Mörfelder Landstraße / Kennedyallee , Isenburger Schneise, Darmstädter Country road ). The Frankfurter Kreuz , one of the busiest road junctions in Europe, is located just south of the Frankfurt city forest. Crossing such main traffic routes is only possible for users of the numerous forest aisles and forest paths in many places with the acceptance of longer detours that lead over a few underpasses and bridges.

In addition to the road connections, several important railway lines cross the city forest. The first to be built in 1846 was the Main-Neckar Railway , which crosses the city forest between Sachsenhausen and Neu Isenburg. The Mainbahn has been running between Frankfurt and Mainz since 1862 ; Originally there were three train stations in the city forest in what is now Frankfurt's area: Forsthaus (today only one branch point), Goldstein (now Frankfurt am Main Stadion station and most important railway junction in the south of the city) and Schwanheim. The Riedbahn branches off at the stadium , on which all long-distance trains between Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof and Mannheim and through the Frankfurter-Kreuz-Tunnel in the direction of Frankfurt am Main Flughafen Fernbahnhof cross the forest. The Rhein-Main S-Bahn and regional trains have been using the Frankfurt airport loop since 1972 .

The city forest is in the public transport of three tram routes of the public transport company Frankfurt served (VGF), as the 1889 steam tram opened in Frankfurt Forest Railway decline. For the local public holiday Wäldchestag , a special holiday line, the " Lieschen ", ran on a former forest railway line until 2013 .

A grid-like network of around 253 kilometers of aisles and forest paths runs through the forest (as of 2011). All paths with a paved ceiling are open to bicycle traffic. Even with the hiking routes that are continuously signposted on these trails, the importance of local connections extends through regional routes to international hiking trails. The most prominent example of the latter is the European long-distance hiking trail E1 , which crosses the Oberwald in a north-south direction. Other hiking trails in the city forest are the southern section of the green belt circular hiking trail and several hiking trails of historical or didactic importance. An example of the combination of these two properties is the Schwanheim Historic Hiking Trail , which provides information about the geological, botanical and urban historical significance of the Schwanheim Forest. There are also around 80 kilometers of bridle paths, which are also marked.

A special feature is the proximity to Frankfurt Airport, the area of ​​which borders the Unterwald to the south. Depending on the wind direction, large sections of the urban forest are crossed every minute by aircraft landing or taking off there; the resulting aircraft noise can be perceived as a nuisance by visitors to the forest.

Others

Mendelssohnrest with memorial stone

In the state forest is located Mendelssohn rest . The memorial stone with bronze plaque donated in 1909 commemorates the composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy , in whose honor a festival was held there in July 1839 at which some of his choral works were premiered.

literature

  • Otto Fleck: Our city forest. In: Heinrich Bingemer, Wilhelm Fronemann, Rudolph Welcker: Around Frankfurt. Verlag Englert and Schlosser, Frankfurt am Main 1924.
  • Gerd-Peter Kossler (ed.) And other authors: Forest in the south of Frankfurt: Stadtwald, Gravenbruch, Mönchbruch. Self-published, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-9800853-2-5 .
  • Vinz de Rouet: I love Sachsenhausen! 33 reasons to love Sachsenhausen. Epubli, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86931-738-0 .
  • City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 2011.
  • City of Frankfurt am Main, Green Space Office (ed.): StadtForst Frankfurt hiking map. 2009. City map with a representation of all forest areas belonging to the urban area as well as detailed information on the history, administration and use of the urban forest.
  • City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (Ed.): The Green Belt Leisure Card. 7th edition, 2011. City map with a detailed representation of the southern Main Forest.
  • Various authors: Nature on the doorstep - urban nature in Frankfurt am Main. Results of the biotope mapping. Kleine Senckenberg-Reihe 50, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele and Obermiller), Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-510-61393-9 .

Web links

Commons : Frankfurter Stadtwald  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ Stadtwald Frankfurt at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  2. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Office (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 2011. In it: Chapter What do we know about nature in Frankfurt?
  3. ↑ City of Frankfurt am Main, Green Space Office (ed.): Forest shop in the Stadtwaldhaus / Fasanerie . Leaflet, 2013
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h City of Frankfurt am Main, Department for Environment, Health and Personnel (Ed.): 20 Years of the Green Belt Frankfurt - People, Data and Projects. Frankfurt am Main 2011. Therein: Chapter The City Forest - Much older than the Green Belt , p. 30 ff.
  5. ↑ a b City of Frankfurt am Main, Department for Environment, Health and Personnel (Ed.): 20 Years of the Green Belt Frankfurt - People, Data and Projects - 1991–2011. P. 5.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f City of Frankfurt am Main, Grünflächenamt (Ed.): StadtForst Frankfurt hiking map. 2009.
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g h i City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): The Green Belt Leisure Card. 7th edition, 2011.
  8. ↑ Magistrat der Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Umweltamt (Ed.): Stadtgewässer - Discover lakes, ponds, ponds. Frankfurt am Main, 2003. Therein: Chapter Rohsee , p. 59.
  9. ↑ a b c Magistrate of the City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Office (ed.): City waters - discover lakes, ponds, ponds. Frankfurt am Main, 2003. Therein: Chapter Jacobiweiher , p. 46.
  10. ↑ Königsbach / Luderbach at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  11. ^ Photo of the information board at the killer fountain (image file on Wikimedia Commons).
  12. ↑ a b City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 2011. In it: Chapter Species Inventory 2000.
  13. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Office (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 2011. In it: Chapter FFH area Oberwald.
  14. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Office (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 2011.
  15. ↑ a b City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 3rd edition, 2011. In it: Chapter Plants - Much more than just trees!
  16. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Office (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 3rd edition, 2011. Inside: Chapters FFH area Schwanheimer Wald and FFH area Oberwald.
  17. ↑ grass potions in Oberwald at par.frankfurt.de , the former site of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  18. ↑ Hemlock fir group in the city forest at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  19. ↑ Tulip trees in the city forest at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  20. ↑ Kaisertannen im Stadtwald at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  21. ↑ Schwanheimer Alteichen at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  22. ↑ Strong oaks in the city forest at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  23. ↑ a b c d e City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 2011. In it: FFH area Schwanheimer Wald.
  24. ↑ a b c d e Biotope mapping of the city of Frankfurt. Website of the Senckenberg Research Institute, accessed on June 13, 2016.
  25. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Office (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 3rd edition 2011. In it: Chapter Spiders - “Weirdly” interesting predators.
  26. ↑ The Tawny Owl as Bird of the Year 2017 . Website of the Naturschutzbund Deutschland, accessed on January 11, 2017
  27. ↑ City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): Leaflet Die Schwanheimer Alteichen in Frankfurt's Green Belt / Regional Park RheinMain.
  28. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main (ed.): Wild boars in Frankfurt. Softcover, 2012.
  29. ^ Julian Loevenich: Wild boars on the advance. In: Frankfurter Rundschau Online , October 26, 2016
  30. ↑ Increased hunting of wild boars in the Frankfurt city forest at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  31. ↑ Hans-Ludwig Buchholz: Wild boars as neighbors. In: Frankfurter Rundschau Online , November 13, 2014, accessed on April 23, 2016.
  32. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Office for Green Spaces (ed.): Wild boars in Frankfurt . 12 pages, edition from March 2012
  33. ↑ a b City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 2011. In it: Chapter mammals - not just fox and rabbit.
  34. ↑ City of Frankfurt am Main, lower nature conservation authority (ed.): Tree caves - Valuable habitats in secret. Information booklet without date
  35. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Office (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 2011. In it: Chapter FFH area Oberwald.
  36. ↑ Otto Fleck: Our city forest. In: Heinrich Bingemer, Wilhelm Fronemann , Rudolph Welcker: Around Frankfurt. Verlag Englert and Schlosser, Frankfurt am Main 1924, p. 256.
  37. ↑ Fleck: Our city forest. P. 257.
  38. ↑ Fleck: Our city forest. P. 258.
  39. ↑ a b City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): Species diversity in the Frankfurt city forest. Leaflet, 2011.
  40. ↑ Green belt constitution on the website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  41. ↑ Landscape protection area GrünGürtel and green corridors of the city of Frankfurt am Main from October 18, 2017 on the website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  42. ↑ FFH area Schwanheimer Wald on the website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  43. ↑ a b FFH area Frankfurter Oberwald on the website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  44. ↑ City of Frankfurt am Main, lower nature conservation authority (ed.): Tree caves - Valuable habitats in secret. Information booklet without date.
  45. ↑ Forest Status Report 2014. (PDF) Office for Green Space for the Frankfurt am Main City Forest, accessed on February 25, 2020 .
  46. ^ Josef Henrich (Ed.), Various authors: Suenheim - Sweinheim - Schwanheim. Publisher Franz Jos. Henrich KG, Frankfurt am Main 1971. pp. 14-16.
  47. ↑ a b Hinkelstein waterworks at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  48. ^ City of Frankfurt am Main, Forestry Office (ed.): Historischer Wanderweg Schwanheim. In it: Chapter Boundary Aisle and Boundary Stones , p. 36 ff.
  49. ↑ Heimatmuseum-Schwanheim (accessed on May 25, 2015).
  50. ↑ The pound of Heller was a common unit of account in the 14th century. One heller was equivalent to half a pfennig , of which 240 were struck from one pound of silver in the Carolingian coin system . Cf. Friedrich von Schrötter (Ed.): Dictionary of coinage. Verlag Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1970, p. 260.
  51. ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer : Codex diplomaticus Moenofrancofurtanus. (= Document Book of the Imperial City of Frankfurt), Part One (794 to 1400), pp. 732–734 ( digitized PDF; 81.2 MB).
  52. ↑ City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency, Green Belt project group: Leaflet Die Schwanheimer Alteichen in the Frankfurt Green Belt, RheinMain Regional Park. 2nd edition, November 2009.
  53. ^ View of the forester's house, one hour from Frankfurt. In: flora-deutschlands.de , accessed on July 27, 2014.
  54. ↑ Otto Fleck: Our city forest. P. 251.
  55. ↑ Fleck: Our city forest. P. 259.
  56. ↑ a b City of Frankfurt am Main (ed.): Forest shop in the StadtWaldHaus / Fasanerie. Leaflet, 2013.
  57. ^ Regine Seipel: Animals in the City. The wild boars are coming . In: Frankfurter Rundschau . November 5, 2012 ( online [accessed May 3, 2016]).
  58. ↑ a b c 125 years of drinking water production in the Frankfurt city forest. (PDF) In: hessenwasser.de. January 2010, pp. 6-11 , accessed April 24, 2016 .
  59. ^ Volker Rödel: Civil engineering in Frankfurt am Main 1806–1914 . Contributions to urban development. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1983, ISBN 3-7973-0410-2 , p. 86-89 .
  60. ↑ Environment Office of the City of Frankfurt: Stadtgewässer. P. 26: Tyrolean pond.
  61. ^ Rolf Meurer: Hydraulic engineering and water management in Germany. Past and present. Parey Buchverlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 978-3-322-80214-9 , p. 248 f.
  62. ↑ City Forest at par.frankfurt.de , the former site of the city of Frankfurt am Main, accessed on 22 April 2016th
  63. ↑ Hessisches Forstgesetz, § 48 ff. In the version of September 10, 2002. ( Memento of April 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: sdwhessen.de. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
  64. ↑ Stadtwaldhaus at par.frankfurt.de , the former site of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  65. ↑ grass potions at par.frankfurt.de , the former site of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  66. ↑ GrünGürtel-Waldschule at par.frankfurt.de , the former website of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  67. ^ City of Frankfurt, Environment Agency (ed.): The Green Belt Leisure Card. 7th edition, 2011.
  68. ↑ Examples of the publications issued by the city are the leaflets biodiversity in the Frankfurter Stadtwald (2011), tree caves - valuable habitats in the hidden (no year), wild boars in Frankfurt (2012), Frankfurt - city of trees. Excursion tips and information (2014), the GrünGürtel leisure map ( 8th edition, 2016) and the StadtForst Frankfurt hiking map (2009).
  69. ↑ City of Frankfurt am Main, Forestry Office (ed.): Historischer Wanderweg Schwanheim - Wanderweg zur Schwanheimer history and prehistory. In it: Chapter Kobeltruhe , p. 8 f. Third, corrected edition, Frankfurt am Main 2002.
  70. ^ City of Frankfurt, Environment Agency (ed.): The Green Belt Leisure Card. 7th edition, 2011.
  71. ↑ The Wäldchestag . ( Memento from May 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) In: frankfurt-interaktiv.de , accessed on May 1, 2016.
  72. ↑ Monte Scherbelino - what's going on behind the fence? In: frankfurt.de. Retrieved on Feb. 26, 2020 (PDF; 466 kB).
  73. ↑ Weird Art. In: kunst-im-oefflichen-raum-frankfurt.de , accessed on September 11, 2015.
  74. ↑ a b Falk map of Frankfurt a. M. / Offenbach a. M. 64th edition, Falk-Verlag, Ostfildern 2011.
  75. ↑ Lieschen says quietly “Adieu”. ( Memento from April 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) In: fnp.de , accessed on March 27, 2014.
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on May 10, 2016 .

Coordinates: 50 ° 4 ′ 15 ″  N , 8 ° 39 ′ 30 ″  E