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| The Zeil as seen from the Main Tower , in front Hauptwache with Katharinenkirche (July 2014) | |
| Basic data | |
| place | Frankfurt am Main |
| District | Downtown |
| Created | 12th Century |
| Connecting roads | Pfingstweidstraße (east), Biebergasse (west) |
| Cross streets | Seilerstrasse / Lange Strasse, Friedberger Anlage , Breite Gasse, Konstablerwache , Stiftstrasse , Liebfrauenstrasse, An der Hauptwache |
| Buildings | Central Citizens' Office, Higher Regional Court , Beehive House, Karstadt Zeil , Zeilgalerie , Kaufhof Hauptwache , Katharinenkirche |
| Technical specifications | |
| Street length | 1.2 kilometers |
The Zeil is a street in the northern inner city of Frankfurt am Main . Since the end of the 19th century, it has been one of the most famous and best-selling shopping streets in Germany . Before that it was mainly famous for its splendid inns and palaces from the Baroque and Classicism periods . The western part of the street, around 500 meters long, has been a pedestrian zone since the 1970s . In the west, where the Katharinenpforte branches off at An der Hauptwache , the Roßmarkt begins , in the east, Konstablerwache is still part of the pedestrian zone. The eastern part of the Zeil is an inner-city connecting road between Konstablerwache and Friedberger Anlage .
General
course
The Zeil starts at the Friedberg plant at Uhrtürmchen , one from the early days originating standard clock and traverses in the first southwest direction ramparts . At the junction with Breite Gasse, the Zeil bends and now runs west through the judicial district. At the intersection with the four-lane street Kurt-Schumacher- / Konrad-Adenauer-Straße the section called Neue Zeil ends and the pedestrian zone begins.
While maintaining its direction, the Zeil leads north past the Konstablerwache and finally reaches the Brockhausbrunnen at the confluence of Brönnerstrasse , Stiftstrasse and Hasengasse , and now leads in a slightly south-westerly direction to the Hauptwache .
retail trade
The Zeil is one of the most visited and busiest shopping streets in Germany. It has two shopping malls, two large department stores and numerous department stores, boutiques , electronics stores and restaurants. The annual turnover is estimated to be between 700 and 800 million euros. After the opening of the MyZeil shopping center in February 2009, it is expected that sales will increase significantly and the billion mark will be reached. This was said by the President of the Hessian Retail Association, Frank Albrecht , in an interview.
In 2014 the Zeil was about 10,335 people per hour, making it the tenth most frequented shopping street in Germany after Schildergasse (14,590) and Hohe Straße (12,795) in Cologne , Stuttgart's Königstraße (12,655), and Dortmund's Westenhellweg (12.420), Flinger Strasse in Düsseldorf (12.285), Spitalerstrasse in Hamburg (11.820), Munich Kaufingerstrasse (11.150), Wiesbadener Kirchgasse (11.070) and Georgstrasse (10.960) in Hanover . The gross rental price is around 290 euros per square meter. This means that the Zeil, after Kaufingerstraße in Munich, takes second place in a nationwide rental price comparison. The prime rent is 485 euros per square meter in MyZeil. The number of branches is 85 percent.
history
The origin of the Zeil in the Middle Ages
Today's Zeil runs parallel to the former Hohenstaufen city wall , which was built at the end of the 12th century. For the next hundred years it formed the outermost city limit with a dry moat in front. In its northern course, the Romanesque city gates Katharinenpforte (between Holzgraben and Hirschgraben ) and Bornheimer Pforte (at the northernmost point of the tramline ) allowed entry into the city. Outside the wall, the cattle market was held in the area between the two city gates, and the horse and horse market to the west of the Katharinenpforte . The latter name has been used up to our time.
With the permission of Emperor Ludwig IV , the city was expanded for the second time in 1333 , tripling the size of the city, which was then gradually enclosed with a new wall from 1343 onwards . A loose development developed between the old Staufen wall and the new city limits, which at that time was known as the Neustadt and was dominated by extensive courtyards, gardens and agricultural use for centuries.
The area of the cattle and horse market had become part of the city. A street was built between the two Romanesque city gates, which was only built on on the north side, which soon earned it the name of the Zeil (row of houses) in popular parlance. The dry moat of the Staufer Wall initially continued to run on the south side.
Change of meaning in the early modern period
(drawing by Carl Theodor Reiffenstein after Matthäus Merian the Elder )
With the reception of the Renaissance towards the middle of the 16th century, which was comparatively late for an imperial city the size of Frankfurt , the desire of high-ranking citizens to create new, representative residential buildings arose. It was modeled on the traufständigen , Italian palazzi , whose construction in the of Gothic , gabled certain houses old town but was a difficult as expensive endeavor. Due to the breadth of such a new building, not only did it have to acquire numerous plots of land, but the representative character of such a building would hardly have come into its own in the narrow streets.
The same thoughts probably preoccupied Klaus Bromm , a wealthy patrician who had his residence built almost exactly in the middle of the Zeil shortly after 1541. Due to its height and width as well as a central, late Gothic bay window with a pointed helmet , very similar to that of the Großer Engels on the Römerberg, which was built only a little later , the building was probably not only an unusual sight in the midst of the otherwise suburban development barely two floors, but also a first sign of the beginning change of the street. To the north, the building had a stair tower with a Welsch dome and a deep inner courtyard that almost touched Kleine Eschenheimer Strasse, with farm buildings also designed in early Renaissance forms.
But not only the demands of the citizens on their housing changed. As the most important trade fair city in Europe at times, during the heyday of the trade fair , i.e. from the late 15th century to the Thirty Years' War , over 10,000 people came to the city twice a year for three weeks, which until well into the 19th century hardly more than 40,000 inhabitants would have. From 1562 on, Frankfurt was also the coronation site of the Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation and, on the occasion of each such ceremony, had to accommodate the high nobility of the entire empire, who had far higher demands than the guests.
The accommodation sector should inevitably experience a change as a result. In the Middle Ages , the accommodation of the guests was mainly a private matter, as people who returned from certain regions of the empire rented themselves over generations with the same families, as proven by contracts. Since the second half of the 15th century at the latest, this was no longer organizationally possible due to the increasing disparity between the population and the number of guests to be catered for; the break with the medieval community as a result of the Reformation did the rest.
The reasons mentioned above gave a boost to the emergence of commercial accommodation, which initially established itself in the Fahrgasse, but then increasingly along the Zeil from the beginning of the 17th century. At the end of the 16th century, the moat in front of the city wall was filled in and gradually built on. A comparison of the so-called Faberian Siege Plan of 1552 and the Merian Plan of 1628 clearly shows this development. The measure was probably also due to the growing population through the admission of Reformed religious refugees, which had doubled the population by 1600 to around 20,000 people.
Even after the development on both sides, which was also accompanied by the first paving of pebbles , the Zeil remained by far the widest street in the city. The situation that grew out of the history of its origins, namely that the plots on the north side are much more deep than on the south side, has changed little to the present. In the centuries that followed, and to this day, it meant that the more magnificent and elaborate buildings on the Zeil tended to be located on the north rather than the south side.
The first inns
By far the oldest known and at the same time one of the most elegant inns was the Weidenhof at the western end of the Zeil, which was first mentioned as such in 1610, rebuilt in 1628 and redesigned several times in the 18th century in the rapidly changing style sequences. It is particularly closely linked to the history of the city of Frankfurt, since Johann Wolfgang Goethe's grandmother, Cornelia Walther , was married to the leaseholder of the Weidenhof. When he died in 1705, Goethe's grandfather Friedrich Georg Göthe married a second marriage and took over the inn, with which he made a fortune until his death in 1730. In doing so, he laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Goethe family, which still ensured financial independence for his famous grandson.
However, the most important large building of the 17th century on the Zeil was built between 1635 and 1640 with the Red House a little west of Klaus Bromm's house. Due to scanty sources available on the project must be changed by the well bottom ends to stories of eyewitnesses report of the 1662-born city chronicler Achilles Augustus of Lersner keep, who wrote that the building instead of six medieval plots of one Johann Porsch for over 32,000 guilders was built .
In terms of its shape, it was the purest Renaissance building ever to have existed in upright Frankfurt: the three-story building had 19 window axes and was crowned by three huge, three-story dwarf houses with pilasters . To the north it had an extensive garden area, which met the rear buildings of the Kleine Eschenheimer Gasse. Remarkably, it was not a private house, but a building designed from the outset as a luxurious inn and hotel, which brought the accommodation sector on the Zeil the ultimate breakthrough and preference over the old town.
The end of construction activity in the 17th century was the construction of the new Katharinenkirche in the years 1678–1681, which replaced the previous building from the middle of the 14th century. The sacred building, which blends Gothic and Baroque style elements in a peculiar way, is today the oldest building in the Zeil after it was almost completely destroyed in the war in 1944 and external reconstruction.
18th century boulevard
From 1729–1730, city architect Johann Jakob Samhaimer built the baroque main guard building at the western end of the Zeil , which served as the city guard quarters and prison. After severe war damage in 1944, externally unchanged reconstruction and a minor relocation in favor of the underground construction in 1968, the building is now in the square of the same name and serves as a café. At the other, eastern end of the Zeil 1753 city architect built Lorenz Friedrich Müller next to the originating even from the mid-16th century armory building a new Sentinel of urban constable .
In 1742, against the bitter resistance of the Habsburgs, the Wittelsbacher Charles VII was elected and crowned emperor in Frankfurt - and had to stay in Frankfurt immediately, as Austrian troops had occupied his capital, Munich . He therefore took up quarters in the Barckhausen Palace, built around 1711 for the Barckhaus family on the south side of the Zeil, which thus became a provisional imperial palace. Karl died three years later, his successor was a Habsburg-Lothringer. However, the Zeil continued to develop into one of the most famous city boulevards of its time.
As early as 1741, Landgrave Ludwig VIII of Hesse-Darmstadt had started building the Darmstädter Hof on the site of Klaus Bromm's house , a representative new building that he wanted to have completed on the occasion of Charles VII's coronation ceremony. However, since he violated the guild regulations by calling in foreign craftsmen to build, there was a dispute and an associated 12-year construction freeze. Only after clarification in favor of the city's handicrafts was further construction from 1753, in 1757 the building, which required just over 30,000 guilders, was completed.
The city palace, later also called the Hessisches Palais , was the last purely baroque building on the Zeil; the Rococo had already found its way into the city before that. One of the most beautiful examples was the Zum Römischen Kaiser inn, built around 1745 on the corner of Schäfergasse , which carried the name of an inn known as such since the 17th century. Maria Theresa , Emperor Joseph II. And several heads of state lived here during the Frankfurt Princely Congress.
The Red House, which had been vacant for decades after the bankruptcy of its last landlord, found a buyer again in 1766. In order to be able to compete with the now leading inns, the then 130-year-old Renaissance building was completely removed and replaced by a new building in very pure late baroque forms by the end of 1767.
In addition to the large palais-like buildings, there were also other smaller new buildings with which individual families created a second or main residence on the Zeil. Examples of this were the Palais of the Frankfurt Färber Dynasty Böhler , which adjoins the Red House to the west and was built in the first half of the 18th century by the bibliophile and private scholar Zacharias Konrad von Uffenbach , who is famous for his library , and the town house of the The rich cloth and silk merchant Peter Pasquay , which stood out for its magnificent gable construction.
Although the Neustadt had long since lost its character as a suburb in the middle of the 18th century, at least in the area of the Zeil, the cattle market did not officially disappear until 1784. The most important new building of the late 18th century was built in an almost symbolic way instead of the former cattle yard , a large stables for the cattle intended for sale, as well as an adjacent restaurant, which was popular with cattle sellers in earlier times. It was the time of early classicism or Louis-seize , which fell on fertile ground after the pomp of the past decades among the Frankfurters, who were already reluctant to display their splendor in public.
(photography by Carl Friedrich Mylius )
After purchasing and demolishing the aforementioned facility, Nicolas de Pigage then built the Schweitzer Palace, a city palace for the Verona silk merchant Franz Maria Schweitzer (1722–1812), from 1788–1794 . The architect, trained in France and active throughout Europe, incorporated the latest stylistic influences of the time in the building, which, in addition to the Louis-seize, already anticipated elements of the Directoire . Inside, too, the building was splendidly decorated with frescos by the Electorate court painter Januarius Zick .
(oil painting by Johann Ludwig Ernst Morgenstern )
However, the builder died in 1812. His heirs left the palace to the master butcher Stier , whose son-in-law Sarg opened the luxury hotel Hotel de Russie here in 1827 , which, under the better-known name Russischer Hof, was one of the most famous of its time. Even Kaiser Wilhelm I stayed here several times. Even Goethe praised the building - in stark contrast to the medieval old town - on his trip to Switzerland on August 18, 1797: “One of the main epochs is the Swiss House on the Row, which is built in a genuine, solid and grand Italian style is and may be the only one for a long time. "
Another well-known building from the turn of the 19th century was the Schmidsche Haus , built in 1791–1793 on the corner of Brönnerstraße for the merchant Johann Friedrich Schmidt , better known as Palais Mumm after its later owner Daniel Heinrich Mumm von Schwarzenstein . According to older oral tradition, Nicolas de Pigage was also active here, but in contrast to the Russian court, his authorship could never be proven in writing. The entry on Peter Speeth in Bonaventura Andres ' edition of the New Franconian Chronicle from 1809 shows that de Pigage commissioned him with the execution at the age of 19.
To the east, the so-called Leonhard House , which was built between 1793 and 1797, presumably according to plans by the later Würzburg building manager Nicolas Alexandre Salins de Montfort for Johann Peter von Leonhardi , bordered. Leonhardi was a brother-in-law of Johann Friedrich Schmidt and had been offered the building site by him. In the 19th century, the von Leonhardi family sold the house to Amschel Mayer von Rothschild . Since then it has been better known as the Palais Rothschild . After Rothschild's death, it served as a Jewish retirement home until 1941, when it was evacuated by the National Socialists, and from 1942 as the main command post and guard of the homeless police until it was destroyed in 1944.
The facade of the Red House was also redesigned in an early classicist style around 1790, just 20 years after the new version in late baroque style. At the same time, the owner and landlord at the time, Johann Adam Dick , bought the four half-timbered houses to the east, which separated the building from the Russian court, and had an independent annex built in their place.
Change to a classicistic showcase boulevard
After the troubled, but unsettled period of the French Revolution for Frankfurt, the city came under the control of the Elector and later Grand Duke Karl Theodor von Dalberg from 1806 . He made classicism and related ideas a top priority. The medieval fortifications and the early modern bastions of the Neustadt were razed and replaced by green spaces in the style of English landscape gardens .
Johann Georg Christian Hess drew up a building statute on behalf of Dalberg, which came into force in 1809 and made classicism the mandatory construction method for new buildings and finally banned half-timbered construction for new buildings. Nevertheless, many buildings, e.g. B. on the later famous main front , but also on the Zeil, only provided with classicist facades, but otherwise hardly changed in substance.
With the end of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation , Frankfurt had lost its important role as the electoral and coronation site of the German emperors, and the former mess business no longer had the weight of previous centuries, the old town fell into a deep slumber. But due to Dalberg's consistent approach, the social and economic reforms initiated by him, which were also reflected in the constitutional amendment, the amended constitution of the Free City of Frankfurt from 1816 , the city quickly enjoyed an extraordinarily progressive and liberal reputation even internationally.
Social and increasingly also economic life finally shifted to the new town , following the already clear trend of the 18th century . In addition to Neue Mainzer Straße , the Zeil was now the model boulevard of the former imperial city, which had managed the difficult balancing act between tradition and the modern age at the time, a problem that many people had, due to the large early classical buildings by important architects such as Pigage and Montfort other former and equally conservative imperial cities did not master them at all or only mastered them over much longer periods of time.
Numerous contemporary descriptions document the excellent reputation that the Zeil had in the first half of the 19th century. The historian and city topographer Johann Georg Battonn wrote as early as 1810: “Without objection, the line is the most beautiful street in the whole city, it owes its rare width to the cattle markets, which required space and did not allow the old building taste to narrow down Bound brought. Its splendid buildings attract the admiration of foreigners and convince them of the wealth of the local citizens. "
In a travel guide from 1843 it was written: “And now we are at the famous Zeil. No one will be able to deny their admiration for this row of palaces. What the ingenuity of our industrial century has always created for luxury can be found here in shiny, often splendid shops. Castles, real princely apartments, are ready to accept strangers. And what crowd floods towards us here early and late, what a dense crowd over the whole width of this street! "
The city guide already indicated a new trend: the accommodation sector slowly lost its former importance, but more and more shops moved into the buildings. In 1834 the hotel business in the traditional Weidenhof was stopped, in 1843 the building, which was last rebuilt in the late 18th century, fell victim to a new classicist building.
Otherwise, astonishingly, none of the more important buildings were demolished for the classicist redesign. The new buildings and renovations took place primarily on the south side of the Zeil, which has always been less important - since it is not lit by the sun. The oldest known photograph of the city from 1846 shows this mid-day side of the street, which is rarely shown anyway, with many new classical buildings.
( chromolithography by Eduard Gustav May after a drawing by Jean Nicolas Ventadour )
The glamorous times as an inn were finally over for the Red House as well. At the end of 1831 it was sold by its last landlord, Herrmann Dick, for 200,000 guilders to the Princely House of Hessen-Kassel , which had it rebuilt shortly after March 1832 and given a late classicist facade.
As early as 1837, the building changed hands again and went to the Princes of Thurn and Taxis for 365,000 guilders , who soon expanded it to become the Frankfurt center of mail and transport for 125,000 guilders. In 1867, after Frankfurt was annexed to Prussia , after the establishment of the Empire in 1871, it became imperial property, under which it received its fifth and last facade in the style of the Italian Renaissance in 1879 for the now state-run post office .
During the September riots in 1848, the Zeil was briefly at the center of European world events. Armed revolutionary workers, peasants and artisans, who were disappointed with the work of the National Assembly in St. Paul's Church , erected barricades throughout the city on September 18, but especially between the main guard and constable guard. Two members of the national liberal casino parliamentary group , Felix Fürst von Lichnowsky and the respected Prussian general Hans von Auerswald , were attacked and fatally wounded by insurgents on a reconnaissance ride in front of the Friedberger Tor .
Due to the spontaneous and haphazard appearance of the revolutionaries, the uprising was bloodily suppressed by the Prussian and Austrian military , with a total of 42 people killed, including 30 rebels and 12 soldiers. Despite its speedy end, the incident had great political impact and is seen today as the beginning of the end of the National Assembly.
Department store architecture between the early days and the First World War
In the third quarter of the 19th century, the street initially lost its importance again. The reason was the development of the Bahnhofsviertel in front of the western gates of the city, from where a continuous connection of the Zeil to the main station , built in 1883–1888, was created by means of numerous street openings through the hitherto medieval western parts of the city .
Above all on Kaiserstraße, which was built from 1874 onwards, with its generous and uniform architecture in the splendid, Wilhelmine - historicist style, but also on Opernplatz , which was founded only a little later, the best hotels and shops in the city quickly settled, so that the Zeil with its then classicistic style -convenient and often petty-bourgeois-looking buildings could neither functionally nor aesthetically keep pace.
Compensation in urban planning was slow. In 1881 the Zeil, which until then only reached from the former Konstablerwache at the intersection with Fahrgasse to the Hauptwache, was extended by half a kilometer to the east to the Friedberger Anlage , thus creating the idea of an east-west Axis traversing direction completed.
The Neue Zeil was independent in its house numbers for several decades, it was not until 1911 that it merged with the existing Zeil. Since the streets in Frankfurt are numbered in the direction of the river Main , i.e. from east to west, just over 60 years after the house numbers were introduced in 1847 it was necessary to give all houses on the Zeil new numbers - instead of 74 it is now 131, a number that has remained constant to this day, despite some parcels being merged.
After only hesitant building projects in the last two decades of the 19th century, there was an unprecedented building boom from around 1895, which completely changed the face of the Zeil until the First World War . Large commercial buildings, department stores and department stores replaced the baroque and classicist city palaces, and by 1900 there were only fewer than 20 of the buildings that characterized the Zeil around 1850.
One of the earliest new building projects of this period was the Kaiser Karl house , which was built in 1882/1883 in the neo-renaissance style that was still common at the time, on the corner of Zeil and Großer Eschenheimer Strasse , i.e. on the site of today's Kaufhof . At the eastern end of the Zeil, the medieval armory, whose attached, only 70-year-old guardhouse had been laid down in 1822, was demolished and replaced by a whole block of Wilhelminian style residential and commercial buildings. In the same period, two large buildings were erected on the former Klapperfeld on the Neue Zeil with the police headquarters and the Palace of Justice (still used today by the regional and local court), which for a long time looked like foreign objects in the middle of the remains of the overgrown buildings.
One of the most splendid structures was the huge building of the Frankfurt Main Post Office , erected between 1890 and 1891 , for which the Red House and the Russian Court had to give way. With the latter, the city lost the most important secular building of early classicism , something that contemporaries criticized in some cases. The new building was crowned by a dome that dominated the cityscape, and corner towers with additional domes were located at both ends of the wide street front. The Post's own tram line drove through a large archway into the inner courtyard, where the letters delivered by the post stations at the main train station and Ostbahnhof were unloaded.
The Hoff brothers had been successful in the silk goods business in the late classicist corner house on Liebfrauenstrasse since the 1880s . Gradually they acquired the three baroque half-timbered houses adjoining the Zeil and had a monumental new building built on the four parcels by the architects Ritter and Martin from 1893 to 1896 . 1898–1899, under the architect E. Greiß, the Minerva house was built on the site of the Pasquay house and the two half-timbered houses adjoining to the west; The Zeilgalerie stands on the plot today . Also in 1899 the baroque Darmstädter Hof fell victim to the pickaxe to make way for a commercial building trading under the name of Hessischer Hof .
After the Roman Emperor was demolished in the spring of 1900, the Schmoller department store opened in the same year , as did the Böhler commercial building built by the architects Beck & Grünewald on the site of the 18th century palace of the same name, which had been modified in a classical style . In 1903 the Mumm von Schwarzenstein family sold their palace to the Belgian Societé anonyme du Grand Bazar de Francfort , the demolition of which began in December of the same year. In 1904 the company also acquired the Schmoller, and by 1905 the Grand Bazar had been completed on the site of the former Mumm Palace by the important Belgian architect Victor Horta . The building, built entirely of glass and steel, was the only commercial building on the Zeil with a distinctive Art Nouveau facade .
In 1902 the bookstore Auffahrt was built under the architect Otto Sturm on the site of the traditional Café Milani . Just east beside built in 1904 the architects Josef Rindsfüßer and Martin Kühn at the point of no less notorious Café Mozart fiscal house of Frank & Baer , which extends to 1912 through the east adjacent former Weidenhof in its entirety with the reform architecture committed those years facade provided has been. 1904–1905 the two houses standing next to the Katharinenkirche, one of which was still from the 18th century, disappeared in favor of a neo-baroque building for the Robinsohn fashion house , executed by the architect Julius Lönholdt .
The Michael Schneider department store had already been located on the Zeil since 1899, initially in the Minerva house and in the same year became the property of the businessman Gottlob Beilharz . 1906–1907, the architects Josef Rindsfüßer and Martin Kühn gave his company an extension on the corner of Stiftstrasse , which was widened in 1898 and which, from 1911, also extended to the neighboring Hessischer Hof. Thus, in less than ten years, the entire north side of the Zeilnord between Großer Eschenheimer Strasse and Schäfergasse had been completely replaced by new buildings.
1908–1909, the architect Otto Engler from Düsseldorf built the largest department store in the city, the Wronker department store, on the south side of the Zeil . The 80-meter-wide street front took up a good third of the block between Liebfrauenstrasse and Hasengasse. The architects Josef Rindsfüßer and Martin Kühn, who were very busy in Frankfurt at the time, were in turn responsible for the Zeilpalast , which was built next to the Robinsohn fashion house in 1908–1910 on the site of two classicist houses and formed the western entrance to Liebfrauenstrasse.
In 1912 the Fuhrländer department store followed between Schäfergasse and Großer Friedberger Strasse . The brand had been in the possession of the businessman Thomas Beckhardt since 1886 , who had acquired five older houses between 1909 and 1911, which had disappeared for the new building. In 1913 another building to the east followed for an extension, which gave the neoclassical facade a slight asymmetry. With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, not only did the construction boom come to a sudden end for almost a decade, but the Grand Bazar was also renamed Kaufhaus Hansa due to its French name .
The change in the Zeil that took place within two decades is best illustrated in numbers: the residential population on the street decreased by 60 percent between 1895 and 1914, while the number of retail stores halved in the same period due to the construction of large commercial buildings.
Weimar Republic and the time of National Socialism
The period of inflation in the post-war years and the global economic crisis from 1929 did not leave the Zeil as the main shopping street without a trace. There were business closures and takeovers. Examples of this were the Hoff brothers, whose office building on the corner of Liebfrauenstrasse was taken over by the men's clothing manufacturer Carsch & Co. in 1925 . Probably by ideas of the new architecture the company Carsch let the neo-baroque facade from the 1890s to 1926 almost completely entstucken and remodel, now right again came close to the classical predecessor. Another company that did not survive the crisis was the Robinsohn fashion house on Katharinenkirche - the Nassauische Landesbank moved into the building in 1927 .
One of the few companies that had been growing since the turn of the century and beyond the war was Julius Oberzenner's textile goods trade , who was based in Fahrgasse until 1895. Until his death in 1910, he acquired numerous buildings on the south side of the Zeil between Reineckstrasse and Hasengasse, and the managing directors who followed him further during the war, so that in the 1920s the six buildings Zeil 71-81 (at the current location of Peek & Cloppenburg ) could be combined under a uniform facade.
The Pletzsch company, founded in 1897 and still in existence today , acquired its business initially in Fahrgasse and in 1914 with the western corner house of Zeil and Hasengasse, one of the last baroque half-timbered houses on the street. Due to the war, however, it was not replaced by a reinforced concrete building until 1927–1928 , which also represented the first new building in pure forms of classical modernism .
It was not until 1928 that the Tietz department store was rebuilt, with its distinctive Art Deco façade around the corner at the western end of the Zeil, replacing the only few decades old Auffahrt and Frank & Baer houses. In 1929 , the Berlin architect Sepp Kaiser , who came from Switzerland , built a new object for the textile department store C. & A. Brenninkmeyer in the area of Neue Zeil between Porzellanhofstrasse and Goldstelzenstrasse . In 1936 the textile department store Peek & Cloppenburg set up in the Böhler and Minerva stores next to the main post office. The last major construction project before the Second World War was the demolition of the former Grand Bazaar on the corner of Brönnerstraße in 1937 and 1938, where a bare new building for the Woolworth department store was then built.
Many department store owners were Jewish , so some of the largest stores were closed on Saturdays ( Sabbaths ) while those run by Christians and others opened. The Jewish owners were expropriated during the Nazi era , and the companies' favorites of the system were able to acquire them at unrealistically low prices. In this context, the case of the Tietz merchant families is known, from whose department stores the Hertie and Kaufhof groups emerged through the so-called " Aryanization " . As early as 1934, the textile goods trade was renamed from Julius Oberzenner to Krämer & Heinrich , and the Wronker group to DEFAKA (German family department store ). In 1935 Peek & Cloppenburg took over the companies Bamberger & Hertz and Julius Braunenthal in the aryanised houses Böhler and Minerva. Other people affected were Carsch in 1936, from which Ott & Heinemann emerged , and in 1938 Fuhrländer, which was renamed Goede . While the Beckhardt family, the owners of the Fuhrländer, managed to escape from Germany, Hermann Wronker died in the concentration camp in 1942 .
In the air raids of March 22, 1944 , the buildings on the Zeil and the surrounding area were almost completely destroyed. The numerous new buildings at the turn of the century mostly burned out and were also severely damaged by high explosive bombs. The few remnants of the architecture of earlier centuries built entirely in half-timbered construction, which were completely lost in the firestorm, fared worse. In addition to the already mentioned palazzi from the 18th century, there were some older buildings, especially between Hasen- and Fahrgasse, e.g. B. the well-known house Türkenschuss on the eastern corner of Zeil and Hasengasse.
Reconstruction and post-war
After the end of the war, the Zeil presented a picture of devastation, which was nevertheless not as total as in the inner city center. The only almost intact commercial buildings were the modern Pletzsch building and the Woolworth building, also designed as a pure reinforced concrete structure. Numerous recordings from the 1940s, especially by Fred Kochmann from October 1946, but also from the beginning of the 1950s, show that buildings were often temporarily set up in buildings that "only" had burned out.
This is what happened at the Nassauische Landesbank next to the Katharinenkirche, the adjoining Zeilpalast and Ott & Heinemann on the corner of Liebfrauenstrasse - the sometimes lavishly decorated facades were completely intact here. In the further course of the south side, on the other hand, there was almost total destruction up to the new Oberzenner building, which was only damaged in the roof area. The Minerva and Böhler houses, the Michael Schneider department store, the Fuhrländer department store and the Brenninkmeyer building in the Neue Zeil area were also only slightly damaged on the north side and initially used temporarily. While the south side was also almost completely destroyed here, a large number of Wilhelminian-style residential buildings have been preserved on the north side to the present day.
In an ahistorical endeavor, comparable to the neo-Gothic idea of the exemption of the churches in the 19th century, the choir of the Katharinenkirche was made free, although since the construction of the church in the late 17th century it has always been surrounded by secular buildings and accordingly undesigned . Therefore, the Nassauische Sparkasse, which emerged from the Nassauische Landesbank, exchanged its plot of land for the property of the former municipal pawnshop behind it and had a sober new building erected here from 1953–1954, which has also been preserved to this day.
The rest of the reconstruction was also very pragmatic and with an extremely simple design language. With the exception of the neoclassical facade of the Fuhrländer department store from 1912 - although its effect was considerably reduced by a glass curtain - as well as the rear facade of the Wronker department store on Holzgraben, all of the previously mentioned pre-war buildings, which can be rebuilt in many cases, are carried out immediately or over the course of decades simple new buildings have been replaced, which still shape the image of the Zeil today. In many cases, smaller parcels were pulled together, which resulted in numerous large buildings the size of whole earlier city blocks.
1950 came up with the idea of widening the Zeil, which is why the city imposed a construction freeze on all projects on the south side of the Zeil in the same year. The debate that lasted over five years hampered reconstruction considerably. In 1955 a new route plan was finally decided, according to which the street route up to Liebfrauenstrasse was reduced by up to eight meters. All the buildings still standing on the south side up to Liebfrauenstrasse, including the completely undamaged Pletzsch building, had to give way. In the particularly badly damaged area east of Hasengasse, there was a radical urban reorganization as a result.
The building excavation , once the northern parallel street of Reineckstraße on the Kleinmarkthalle , which was located here before the war , was abandoned and the new line of the Zeil moved south around the space gained as a result. In the east, the Konstablerwache, a historically unprecedented, huge open space was created instead of countless parcels of the Börnestrasse and Allerheiligenstrasse that began here before the war . The “stump” of the remainder of Börnestrasse, which is now called An der Staufenmauer , is clearly visible in the aerial photo and its earlier course can still be seen today. To the east of it, Kurt-Schumacher-Strasse was cut as a north-south axis of a “car-friendly city” through the old parceling.
The beehive house built at Konstablerwache 1953–1954 , which was one of the first high-rise buildings in Frankfurt to form a distinctive end to the “old” western Zeil, was built on the south side before the new alignment plan was approved. This explains why it visibly protrudes from the current street. Ott & Heinemann, which reopened as the first shop in May 1945 on the corner of Liebfrauenstrasse between the remains of a house that had been 80 percent destroyed, also came into conflict with the town planners with the new building they had begun in early 1950.
The design of the five-story department store was based on the original, narrow streets of the Zeil in the prewar state. Due to the construction stop, construction could initially only begin in the rear area. In 1955, at the same time as the new alignment plan, an agreement was reached in the legal disputes: the ground floor was set back to the new street alignment and the floors above were placed on arcades at the edge of the road, which only slightly reduced the originally planned sales area. After construction resumed in May 1955, the department store was completed in 1956. The co-owner Erich Heinemann had a dovecote with a few hundred carrier pigeons on the roof of his clothing store . In August 1970 the business was taken over by the Dyckhoff company. According to legend, the Cologne clothing chain was awarded the contract because it promised Heinemann that it would continue to tolerate the pursuit of his hobby.
The other prominent properties on the Zeil were also quickly rebuilt with makeshift department stores. The Kaufhof department store on the corner of Zeil and Große Eschenheimer Straße opened in the same year on the restored ground floor of a department store ruin. In 1950, a two-story new building was opened, in 1954 it was increased to five floors, in 1968 the department store already had seven sales floors, including the basement that extends far below the square and goes directly into the underground high-speed train junction at Hauptwache . In essence, little has changed in the building since then; conversions at the end of the 1980s and 2008 were pure facade renewals.
After almost five years of construction, the telecommunications center of the Deutsche Bundespost was completed in 1956 , the face of which was the new main post office on the Zeil. It replaced the Wilhelminian style building erected in 1891 in a much more sober form. The west tower, fitted with antennas, rose behind it - at 70 meters it was one of the tallest buildings in Frankfurt at the time.
The damaged attics of the Minerva and Böhler houses used by Peek & Cloppenburg were soon removed and the facades unified. After several renovations and additions, it was not until 1990 that the still old buildings gave way to the Zeilgalerie, built by Jürgen Schneider in the postmodern style in 1991–1992 . Peek & Cloppenburg moved to the former Karstadt building next to the beehive high-rise after its extensive postmodern renovation in 1985–1988. Karstadt had only taken over this from Neckermann in 1978.
On April 2, 1968, the Kaufhof and Michael Schneider department stores were targeted by politically motivated arson attacks by the later founders of the Red Army faction - Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin . This resulted in damage of DM 673,204 in both houses (today's monetary value 1,279,213 euros). Since the incendiary devices ignited at midnight, no people were harmed.
The Zeil in the 21st century
The PalaisQuartier can be seen as the initial spark for a profound redesign of the street . After its demolition in 2004, numerous new buildings were erected on the extensive area between the telecommunications tower on Große Eschenheimer Straße and the main post office from the 1950s on the Zeil, which opened in the course of 2009. With the inauguration of the MyZeil in February 2009, the former post office area has been rebuilt with a publicly accessible building for the first time since the end of the inn in the Red House - that is, since 1831.
On April 29, 2009 it was announced that the high-rise hotel of the PalaisQuartier will be operated as a five-star hotel by the Dubai- based luxury hotel group Jumeirah . In connection with the elaborate architecture of the shopping center and the upscale shops located here, you can now also expect an upscale clientele in terms of hotel operations.
In connection with the visual condition of the street, which is still characterized by the simple reconstruction time, a kind of domino effect is now expected. In March 2009 it became known that the facade of the Zeilgalerie would be completely renewed for eight to ten million euros. As the then mayor Petra Roth announced at the opening of the My Zeil shopping center , the city had already received further applications for facade renovations, some of which were already under construction (Zeil 109).
The street as such has also been completely redesigned: by resolution of the city council, the four permanently installed stalls leased to restaurants, which were in a dilapidated and visually unappealing state, have disappeared, as has the cube at the confluence with the FES and the public order office Stiftstrasse. They have been replaced by two larger and one smaller pavilion. The four rows of trees remained and were only interrupted in different places or cleared for places. In addition, the street received a new floor covering made of much lighter and more slip-resistant concrete blocks. The redesign of the Zeil should be completed at the same time as the completion of the Palais Quartier in spring 2009, but was delayed. a. due to the unusually cold winter and an alleged delay in payment by the city, it was not officially opened until the end of October 2010.
Street scene, buildings, sculptures and shops
The largest department stores in the Zeil are located at the two important squares Hauptwache and Konstablerwache and have direct access to the rapid transit hubs. In between there are other important department stores, boutiques and electronics stores. Two shopping centers were built in 1992 and 2009, the first of which was demolished in 2016.
Gastronomically, the Zeil is characterized by fast food restaurants. In addition to two McDonald’s branches and North Sea restaurants, there are numerous stalls for French fries , kebab and the like in the middle of the street between the trees .
The Neue Zeil east of Konstablerwache has not been able to establish itself as a shopping street to this day. There are some important institutions there for that. The 1st district of the Frankfurt police at Zeil 33 is responsible for the entire city center. Until autumn 2007, the headquarters of the Frankfurt city library was located next to it . The building Zeil 42 is the seat of the Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt am Main . Further to the east is the central citizens' office for migration, statistics and elections.
Some important buildings are explained below.
Konstablerwache department store
The department store GmbH opened on 28 November 1963 Konstablerwache on the northwest corner of Zeil and Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse low-price department store. The six-storey building was built on two non-neighboring properties on the Zeil and properties on the rear Gelbhirschstrasse and therefore bears the house numbers 58 and 64. Since the group could not come to an agreement with the owners of an old semi-detached house on property 60-62, the department store was built around this Buildings are built around them and look towards Konstablerwache square like two buildings with the same facade. A facade made of light metal and glass, which was modern at the time, was hung in front of the skeleton-type building . The basement was already prepared for a connection to the B-level of the planned and in the 1970s built high-speed railway junction Konstablerwache. There are offices on the upper floors.
In the spring of 1993 the Kaufhalle branch was closed. After a renovation, the retail space was divided into parcels and rented out individually, including the Kaufhof subsidiary “Mauricius Mode und Sport”.
Today one of the three branches of the fashion company Hennes & Mauritz auf der Zeil is in the western part . In the eastern part, Conrad Electronic has expanded its Frankfurt store to 2,600 m² sales area on three floors after moving from Höhenstraße in the north end . The transition from the B level to the basement was initially open as an entrance, but was closed after a short time. In September 2010, the fitness studio chain McFit opened its third Frankfurt branch on the third and fourth floors of the building. Since then it has been open 24 hours a day all year round. The entrance to the studio is in the western part of the building next to Hennes and Mauritz and is a former staff entrance .
Beehive house
The beehive house forms the joint between the Zeil and the “ Konstablerwache ” square , which was newly laid out in the early 1950s , and is located exactly at the point (corner of Zeil / Fahrgasse) of the eponymous guard building, which was demolished in 1822. The 43-meter-high, twelve-storey high-rise was built in 1954 according to plans by Johannes Krahn and has since housed the main branch of the Frankfurter Sparkasse , the name of the house goes back to the logo of the beehive at the time. It forms the urban dominant feature of the square and, since it protrudes into the street space over the southern side of the street, can also be seen from afar from the Zeil. The house was rebuilt from 2007 to 2009 and an annex building oriented towards the Zeil was replaced by a new building. The reopening took place on April 24, 2009.
P&C Weltstadthaus Frankfurt
In 1988 the Peek & Cloppenburg Weltstadthaus was opened next to the beehive house on the south side of the Zeil. Before that, there was a Neckermann department store here, which opened in 1956 and was closed after the merger with Karstadt. The building is directly adjacent to the neighboring noble house in the west. The Konstabler multi-storey car park is located on the back opposite Reineckstrasse to the south . With the new building, this street was shut down and built over, so that the two buildings now form a unit.
The old building has not been completely demolished, but has been completely gutted. On the basis of the old reinforced concrete skeleton, a new building in the postmodern style was created according to the design of the Düsseldorf architectural office RKW (Rhode, Kellermann, Wawrowsky) . The entire design and structure of the seven-storey “Kaufhauspalast” is symmetrically aligned with two centrally located main entrances on the Zeil. A special feature are the shiny gold door and window frames made of polished brass. The interior design is also based entirely on this style, so the columns and escalators are clad with brass elements and mirror surfaces. A large pyramid-shaped skylight is located above the central and very generously designed escalator area .
The front of the building is around 90 meters long and has a slightly convex shape with the course of the Zeil. The facade design on the front and east side is divided into several areas. The two-storey base has extensive shop windows. The first floor jumps out about one meter over the row of houses on the ground floor and the neighboring buildings. The four floors above are set in front of a further meter and have a light natural stone facade, which is divided on the second to fourth floors by narrow, vertical light slots. This pattern is interrupted by four slightly wider window areas over three floors, each of which is located above the two entrances and at the corners. The fifth floor has ordinary windows at regular intervals and the floor above is set back as a staggered floor to the area of the ground floor.
The Frankfurt department store has become a milestone in the company history of Peek & Cloppenburg, because it was the first of a series of other so-called cosmopolitan stores in major German cities where the clothing store chain relied on exclusive and representative architecture. The building of the P&C group "West" (P&C Düsseldorf) has a sales area of 16,900 square meters. Since August 2005, the US sporting goods supplier Nike has had a branch with its own entrance in the Weltstadthaus as a sub-tenant based on the “store in store” concept on 450 square meters on the ground floor and first floor.
Nobel house
In 1993 Jürgen Schneider had the Nobel house built on the eastern corner of Zeil and Hasengasse - instead of the former Nobel fashion house - on property 77-79. After the real estate entrepreneur went bankrupt in billions, the house was taken over by a Frankfurt facility manager . The first German and largest European Disney store opened there in October 1993 . The merchandising business had to close at the end of 1999 after six years because sales expectations were not met . The men's fashion chain Eckerle has moved into the premises since autumn 2000 .
The house is divided into four business floors and five office floors above. Architectural features of the glass, postmodern building are the semicircular shape and the exterior, completely glazed elevator. The software manufacturer Novell has its Frankfurt office on three office floors .
MyZeil and Palais Quartier
The groundbreaking ceremony for the new MyZeil shopping center on the western part of the Zeil took place on September 28, 2005. It was built next to the Zeilgalerie instead of the former Telekom area and is part of the Palais Quartier project, which also includes the construction of two new high-rise buildings and the construction of a simplified reconstruction of the Palais Thurn und Taxis . MyZeil opened on February 26, 2009.
Zeilgalerie
In 1992, the so-called Zeilgalerie, a shopping center that included various smaller shops and cafés, was built by the investor Jürgen Schneider on the former property of Peek & Cloppenburg . On the roof of the ten-story building was an IMAX cinema, a café and a free outdoor terrace - a popular vantage point with a view of downtown Frankfurt and the skyline. The building was connected to the neighboring Kaufhof via the terrace and in the basement. In 2010 the Zeilgalerie was completely renovated after the building became increasingly less attractive and many shops were empty. In addition to a color redesign of the interior, it received a futuristic-looking exterior facade fitted with white LEDs. Due to the vacancy and the operating costs due to an unfavorable floor plan, the Zeilgalerie was demolished in summer 2016. The Upper Zeil commercial building with shops will be built on the property by the end of 2018 . The upper floors are connected to the neighboring building and used by the Galeria Kaufhof.
Katharinenkirche
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The Protestant Katharinenkirche, built in the 17th century, forms the southwestern end of the shopping mile at number 131 and is the oldest building in the Zeil. It dominates the An der Hauptwache square even more than the building that gives it its name. Due to its location as a “city church ” in the center of the city, its pastoral activities are strongly geared towards the urban public. This is expressed both through active homeless work and through offers for professionals and buyers. The latter use the church during shopping breaks or on the way to the subway to relax for a few minutes. During the Advent season, Zeil customers can temporarily store purchases they have already purchased at the Katharinenkirche and go hunting for gifts again unloaded. On Mondays and Thursdays at the end of the day (4.30 p.m.) there is the “30 minutes of organ music” offer, which is also aimed at “stressed city dwellers”.
David and Goliath
The sculptor Richard Heß created a bronze sculpture in 1983 in a figurative-realistic style called David and Goliath . You can see the victorious emerged from the battle of David, which is on the head of Goliath sitting, showing his strength. The sculpture stands at the beginning of the Zeil towards the Hauptwache, in front of the Kaufhof building in a square recess.
Traffic on the Zeil
As the widest street axis in the city center, the Zeil was also of great importance for the rapidly changing city traffic. In addition to the numerous pedestrians and wagons, the horse-drawn tram , later the electric tram and the automobile, were introduced . The latter in particular has caused unacceptable conflicts with heavy pedestrian traffic since the early 1950s. In the 1962 general traffic plan, the Zeil - along with Berliner Strasse - had been elevated to one of the most important east-west thoroughfares in the city center. In 1972 the Zeil was closed to car traffic and declared a pedestrian zone. The tram ran in the middle of the street until 1978, separated from pedestrians by low fences. Following the construction of the Rhein-Main S-Bahn between Hauptwache and Konstablerwache, the Zeil was redesigned in 1983, giving it its current appearance.
Local public transport
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With two of the most important and largest rapid transit hubs in the city and four underground routes, the Zeil is very well served by public transport . The main S-Bahn line and underground line C with lines U6 and U7 run in a shared tunnel under the Zeil . At the Hauptwache high-speed train junction, these are crossed by Frankfurt's oldest underground line , the A-line with the lines U1, U2, U3 and U8. At the Konstablerwache junction , the U4 and U5 lines of the B route are also added. This means that the Zeil is connected to all lines of the Frankfurt U-Bahn (exception: U9 only runs between Ginnheim and Nieder-Eschbach ) and almost all of the Rhein-Main S-Bahn . Only one S-Bahn line has not yet been used, but an extension is being planned.
In addition to the U- and S-Bahn, tram line 12 ( Schwanheim - Fechenheim ) and tram line 18 ( Sachsenhausen - Preungesheim ) as well as bus lines 30 and 36 ( Bad Vilbel or Westbahnhof to Sachsenhausen) also operate at Konstablerwache . Every day between about 1.30 a.m. and 4.00 a.m., the Konstablerwache is the central hub of a star-shaped network of 13 coordinated night bus routes ; In the nights from Friday to Saturday, Saturday to Sunday and the pre-public holidays in Hesse, another five night bus routes are added to the Rhine-Main region , so that a total of 18 night bus routes are then available.
In the immediate vicinity of the eastern part of the Zeil are the underground station Zoo , the S-Bahn station Ostendstraße and some tram stops for lines 11 and 14 - including at Allerheiligentor .
Road traffic
Since the western half of the Zeil is a pedestrian zone, it is only passable for road traffic between Friedberger Anlage and Konstablerwache. It has four lanes from the beginning at Friedberger Anlage to the next intersection at Seilerstrasse and Lange Strasse, and two lanes in the wider area. The street can only be used as a one-way street out of town for the last 80 meters to the Konstablerwache as far as the Klingerstraße junction. The Zeil has an average traffic load of around 11,500 to 15,000 vehicles on working days.
The parking spaces directly on the Zeil are extremely limited. However, despite the excellent rapid transit connections, there are many large multi-storey car parks and underground garages in the immediate vicinity, which open up the shopping street for motorized traffic. South of the Zeil are the parking garages Goetheplatz , Hauptwache - the oldest public parking garage in Germany - and Konstabler . North of the Zeil, there are parking garages Exchange , Schiller Passage , Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse and at the court as well as the private car parks MyZeil, Karstadt and the hotel Westin Grand . Together they have well over 6,000 parking spaces. The city car parks are linked to an electronic parking guidance system .
Bicycle traffic
The Zeil has no separate cycle paths, but it is part of two signposted cycle routes in the city’s cycle network . In addition, the Konstablerwache and Hauptwache squares are the end of numerous other cycle routes that run towards the Zeil in a star shape from all directions.
Cycle route 1 begins in Seckbach , runs through Bornheim and the Nordend and joins the Zeil via Klapperfeldstrasse. It ends at the Konstablerwache. Cycle route 3 begins in the west near Eschborn , runs through Rödelheim and Bockenheim and joins the Zeil via the Fahrgasse. It ends 200 meters east of the Zeil at Alfred-Brehm-Platz in front of the Frankfurt Zoo . In the pedestrian zone between Konstablerwache and Hauptwache, cycling is only permitted at walking pace. This section should largely be bypassed via Töngesgasse , where cycling against the one-way street is permitted.
See also
- List of streets and squares in Frankfurt am Main
- Hauptwache , Konstablerwache
- Department store arson on April 2nd, 1968
Web links
- Zeil Aktiv e. V.
- “The traffic chaos did not materialize .” In: moderneRegional , 2015, interview with the former construction department head H.-E. Haverkampf.
References and comments
- ↑ Stadtvermessungsamt Frankfurt am Main (ed.): Portal GeoInfo Frankfurt , city map
- ↑ "My Zeil": "Great opportunity for the city." ( Memento from March 2, 2009 in the web archive archive.today ) In: hr-online.de , February 26, 2009, interview with Frank Albrecht .
- ↑ Magnus Danneck: Germany's most popular shopping mile 2014: Cologne's Double sic! Winner for the first time / JLL surveys pedestrian frequencies in 170 shopping streets. In: Jones Lang LaSalle GmbH (JLL) , May 12, 2014.
- ↑ ase / dpa : Shopping street ranking: Cologne is the Mecca of consumption. In: Spiegel Online . July 24, 2006, accessed May 12, 2014 .
- ↑ The most expensive shopping streets in Germany . In: WirtschaftsWoche . September 19, 2012, accessed September 20, 2012 .
- ↑ Key figures on retail in Frankfurt am Main. In: frankfurt-main.ihk.de. May 12, 2007, accessed October 17, 2019 .
- ↑ The exact construction time of the Staufen wall is still controversial and fluctuates in the literature between the middle of the 12th and the early 13th century, as there is no surviving written evidence that directly relates to the construction of the wall. Research tends to consider a period around 1200 as the most likely. B. Elsbet Orth : Frankfurt am Main in the early and high Middle Ages , in: Frankfurt Historical Commission (Ed.): Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine contributions. (= Publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission . Volume XVII ). Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3-7995-4158-6 , p. 26 .
- ↑ Johann Georg Battonn : Slave Narratives Frankfurt - Volume VI . Association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1871, p. 102; As early as 1332 a house on the later Zeil was mentioned in a document as "sitae in foro pecorum" , in 1348 there was talk of "the Vehemerkete" .
- ↑ Battonn VI, p. 268; Around 1350, the earliest Frankfurt city topographer, Baldemar von Petterweil, describes the location of a house paying interest to the Bartholomäusstift in the Neustadt: "extra muros, novo opido, foro equorum, contigua ramhof" , 1359 there is a documented mention of the "rossmerkete" in front of the “Bockenheimer porten” , in front of the Katharinenpforte.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Böhmer , Friedrich Lau: Document book of the imperial city Frankfurt . Vol. II 1314-1340, J. Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1901-1905, p. 352 and 353, Certificate No. 467.
- ^ Rudolf Jung , Carl Wolff: Die Baudenkmäler von Frankfurt am Main - Volume 2, Secular Buildings . Self-published / Völcker, Frankfurt am Main 1898, p. 7.
- ↑ Konrad Bund: Frankfurt am Main in the late Middle Ages 1311-1519 , in: Frankfurter Historical Commission (ed.): Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine articles. (= Publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission . Volume XVII ). Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3-7995-4158-6 , p. 113, 116 and 117 .
- ↑ Johann Georg Battonn: Slave Narratives Frankfurt - Volume VI . Association for history and antiquity in Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1871, p. 103; In 1382 the name "in der Zyle [...] gein dem Vehemarkte is found for the first time " .
- ↑ a b Jung, Wolff, pp. 455-466; Monograph on the Darmstädter Hof and its direct predecessor, Klaus Bromm's House, based on documents from the city archives destroyed during World War II.
- ↑ a b Wolfgang Klötzer : As a guest in old Frankfurt . Hugendubel, Munich 1990, p. 11.
- ↑ Wolfgang Klötzer: Frankfurt am Main 1789–1866 , in: Frankfurter Historische Kommission (Ed.): Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine contributions. (= Publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission . Volume XVII ). Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3-7995-4158-6 , p. 315 .
- ↑ Klötzer, Guest in old Frankfurt, p. 10.
- ↑ Klötzer, Guest in old Frankfurt, p. 12 u. 13.
- ^ Anton Schindling: Growth and Change from the Denominational Age to the Age of Louis XIV. Frankfurt am Main 1555–1685. In: Frankfurter Historische Kommission (Ed.): Frankfurt am Main - The history of the city in nine contributions. (= Publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission . Volume XVII ). Jan Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1991, ISBN 3-7995-4158-6 , p. 206 .
- ↑ Schindling, p. 228.
- ^ Helmut Nordmeyer: Die Zeil: Pictures of a street from the 17th century to the present . Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1997, p. 11.
- ↑ Nordmeyer, p. 9.
- ↑ Klötzer: A guest in old Frankfurt , p. 13.
- ↑ Achilles Augustus von Lersner: The widely-famous Freyen imperial, electoral and commercial city of Franckfurt am Main Chronica, or Ordinary Description of the City of Franckfurt Origin and recording […] . Self-published, Frankfurt am Main 1706, part II, p. 41.
- ^ A b c d Rudolf Jung, Julius Hülsen: The architectural monuments of Frankfurt am Main - Volume 3, private buildings . Self-published / Keller, Frankfurt am Main 1914, pp. 124–126; Monograph on the Red House on the basis of the documents from the city archives destroyed in World War II.
- ↑ Jung, Wolff, pp. 320-325; Monograph on the Hauptwache based on documents from the city archives that were destroyed in World War II.
- ^ Hartwig Beseler, Niels Gutschow, Frauke Kretschmer: War fates of German architecture. Loss - damage - reconstruction. Documentation for the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany - Volume II: South . Karl Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster 1988, p. 816.
- ↑ Jung, Wolff, pp. 315-319; Monograph on the Konstablerwache based on the documents of the city archives destroyed in the Second World War.
- ^ Rainer Koch, Patricia Stahl: Election and coronation in Frankfurt am Main. Kaiser Karl VII. 1742–1745 - Volume II: Exhibition catalog . Historisches Museum Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main 1986, p. 248; here it is wrongly stated that the Barckhausensche Palais (old: Zeil 35 / new: Zeil 103) was only destroyed in the Second World War. Apparently the authors confused the Barckhausen Palace with a baroque house not far from it, also built for the Barckhaus family around 1700 (old: Zeil 45 / new: 113), which actually stood until the Second World War. In contrast, the Barckhausen Palace proper, which was classically modified and extended around 1800, had to give way shortly before 1908 for the new Wronker office building.
- ↑ Klötzer: Guest in old Frankfurt , p. 13 u. 14th
- ↑ Battonn VI, p. 112; Battonn refers to a "Publicatum of the Accounting Office" from February 9, 1784.
- ↑ Nordmeyer, p. 13; During the general market days, a flag made at municipal expense was hoisted on the roof of the cattle yard.
- ↑ Jung, Hülsen, pp. 206-229; Monograph on the Russian court based on the documents of the city archives destroyed in World War II.
- ↑ Jung, Hülsen, p. 216; according to footnote 1.
- ↑ Peter Speeth. In: Bonaventura Andres (ed.): New Franconian Chronicle. 4th year, Verlag Carl Philipp Bonitas, Würzburg, 1809, p. 466 ff. ( Limited preview in the Google book search)
- ↑ Wilhelm Frithjof Dahl: The work of the architect Salins de Montfort in Frankfurt am Main , in: Directorate of the Historical Museum of the City of Frankfurt am Main (ed.), Heinrich Bingemer (editors): writings of the Historical Museum V . Englert and Schlosser, Frankfurt am Main 1929, pp. 17–21; the house was built until 1795 according to plans by Johann Georg Christian Hess, who then withdrew from the project due to disputes with the client. After a few months, construction continued according to plans by another, not named, architect and was completed accordingly. This architect was identified as de Montfort in terms of style alone.
- ↑ Nordmeyer, p. 26 and 27.
- ^ Battonn VI, p. 105.
- ↑ Nordmeyer, p. 7; quoted from Siegfried Hänle, Karl von Spruner: Handbook for travelers on the Maine . Stahel, Würzburg 1843.
- ↑ Battonn VI, p. 117; after Euler's note at footnote 121.
- ↑ Nordmeyer, p. 27.
- ↑ Nordmeyer, p. 28.
- ↑ all the following information, unless otherwise explicitly referenced, from Nordmeyer, p. 29ff., Architects and building data supplemented in places according to Frankfurter Architects and Engineers Association (ed.): Frankfurt am Main 1886–1910. A guide through his buildings. J. Maubach & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1910, p. 174 u. 175.
- ↑ Jung, Hülsen, p. 207; Quote sleeves: "The following discussion and figures may shew what irreparable loss is the meaning of this termination by historical and cultural-historical memories and high artistry same excellent Bauwerkes for Frankfurt." .
- ↑ a b ott & heinemann. In: aufbau-ffm.de. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008 ; Retrieved April 19, 2009 .
- ↑ Hans-Otto Eglau : When Bellinger comes ... In: Die Zeit , March 5, 1971, No. 10.
- ^ Rainer Schulze: Architecture. A "media facade" for the Zeilgalerie. ( Memento from August 1, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) In: FAZ , March 20, 2009.
- ^ Rainer Schulze: "My Zeil" 70,000 visitors flock to the Zeil shopping center. ( Memento from August 1, 2012 in the archive.today web archive ) In: FAZ , February 26, 2009.
- ^ Jan Grossarth: Inner city. A Teflon layer for the cell. ( Memento from August 1, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) In: FAZ , August 19, 2008.
-
^ Manfred Köhler: Urban design. Redesign of the Zeil is delayed. ( Memento from August 2, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ) In: FAZ , June 7, 2007.
Matthias Arning: Civil engineering work stopped - construction stop on the Zeil. In: Frankfurter Rundschau . July 7, 2010, accessed November 24, 2010 . Claudia Michels: Zeil shopping mile in Frankfurt - more beautiful than ever. In: Frankfurter Rundschau. October 28, 2010, accessed November 24, 2010 .
- ↑ zeil and main guard. In: aufbau-ffm.de. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011 ; Retrieved April 25, 2009 .
- ^ Conrad Electronic Frankfurt a. Main. Retrieved October 17, 2019 .
- ^ High-rise passage to the beehive, lines 65–69. In: aufbau-ffm.de. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013 ; Retrieved April 25, 2009 .
- ↑ Hans-Otto Schembs: Why a Frankfurt building is called a beehive. In: Senior magazine 4/2008. Department for Social Affairs, Seniors, Youth and Sport of the City of Frankfurt am Main in cooperation with the Press and Information Office, accessed on October 17, 2019 .
- ↑ Photo of the logo on an advertising glass at the Sachsenhausen club ring. In: vereinsring-sachsenhausen.de. Retrieved April 25, 2009 .
- ^ Rainer Schulze: Architecture. The beehive house shines again. ( Memento from August 1, 2012 in the archive.today web archive ) In: FAZ , April 24, 2009.
- ↑ a b Weltstadthaus Frankfurt a. M. - an attraction. In: Peek & Cloppenburg , accessed on May 7, 2015.
- ↑ Jelena Juric: Nike: Store in the Frankfurt P&C house. In: TextilWirtschaft , May 25, 2005.
- ↑ Hartmut Panskus: The Disney strategies. The Christmas film as an economic fairy tale. In: Focus , April 10, 1993, No. 15, see last paragraph.
- ↑ jb: Textilit moves into the Frankfurt Disney store. In: TextilWirtschaft , October 27, 1999.
- ↑ The Nobel House - Experience Change. ( Memento from March 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) In: FAJA Immobilien und Facility Management GmbH
- ↑ David and Goliath. In: kunst-im-oefflichen-raum-frankfurt.de , accessed on May 7, 2015.
- ↑ General Transport Plan 2005, Annex 3
- ↑ mainziel.de gives the following capacities: Amgericht 720, Börse 920, Goetheplatz 592, Hauptwache 430, Karstadt 665, Konrad-Adenauer-Straße 552, Konstabler 750, Palais Quartier 1017, Schiller-Passage 417, Westin Grand 154.
- ↑ Umweltamt Frankfurt am Main (ed.): The green belt leisure map . 5th edition. November 2003 (scale 1: 20,000).
Coordinates: 50 ° 6 ′ 52.5 ″ N , 8 ° 41 ′ 1 ″ E