Enkheimer Ried

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Enkheimer Ried
The Enkheimer Riedteich, part of the nature reserve. Looking east

The Enkheimer Riedteich, part of the nature reserve. Looking east

location On the eastern edge of the Frankfurt district of Bergen-Enkheim , Hesse
surface 28.23 ha
Identifier 1412002
WDPA ID 81609
Geographical location 50 ° 9 '  N , 8 ° 47'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 9 '18 "  N , 8 ° 46' 57"  E
Enkheimer Ried (Hesse)
Enkheimer Ried
Setup date 1973
f6

The Enkheimer Ried is a nature reserve and fauna-flora habitat in the area of ​​the city of Frankfurt am Main in Hesse . The nature reserve is located on the eastern edge of the Frankfurt district of Bergen-Enkheim , in the district of Enkheim , at the foot of the Berger slope , along the Tränkebach (also called Riedgraben), between the state road L 3209 running to the north and the Enkheimer Wald adjacent to the south, as well as around One kilometer to the south running A 66 .

history

The central landscape element of the Enkheimer Ried is the Riedteich with 4.5 hectares of water. The pond is a partially silted oxbow lake from the Main and its right tributary Kinzig on a diluvial terrace in the glacial valley of both rivers. The course of the Altmain can be reconstructed geologically from Hanau-Wilhelmsbad in the east via Maintal-Bischofsheim and the Frankfurt districts of Enkheim and Seckbach to the Frankfurt Ostpark in the west.

Until the canalization of the Main in the 19th century, the Enkheimer Ried was a marsh area that was regularly inundated during floods. The first attempts to drain the reed had taken place in the Middle Ages : a moat built at this time led from Bischofsheim via Enkheimer and Seckbacher reed to the west to the Rechneigraben, part of the Frankfurt city fortifications . It is believed that this trench did little to drain the reed.

The Enkheimer Ried became a pond through the extraction of peat ; from 1829 to 1864 the municipality of Enkheim leased the area for this purpose. The peat cut created several ponds of various sizes and up to five meters deep. Until 1924, ice was stung at these for cooling purposes. In order to increase the yield of ice, the water standing in the reed was dammed up in autumn and the melt water was drained off again in the following spring. The western part of the Riedteich, which is not designated as a nature reserve, was filled in by the Enkheim community after the Second World War in order to gain building land for sports and leisure facilities that have existed there to the present day.

Today's Riedteich is fed by the Tränkebach (called Riedgraben in Frankfurt) coming from the direction of the Main Valley, from seepage water and springs that flow to it from the Berger and Bischofsheimer slopes. The Tränkebach was straightened in 1927 in the area of ​​today's nature reserve in order to increase its flow rate. This straightening of the river was further expanded in the 1970s by lining the stream bed with concrete. A section renaturation on a stretch of around 600 m took place in 1997; The further development of the near-natural remodeling of the water body was the subject of scientific research up to the year 2000.

NSG sign Enkheimer Ried

natural reserve

Since the mid-1920s there were plans to place the Enkheimer Ried under nature protection. With the aim of realizing these plans, the General Alms Box Foundation acquired the area in 1936. The legal basis for the designation as a protected area was the Reich Nature Conservation Act of 1935. The ordinance on the status of the nature reserve called NSG Enkheimer Riedteiche came into force on September 2, 1937. In that year the extent of the protected area was 8.63 ha , of which around 8 ha were water.

In October 1973 the area was expanded to 15.44 hectares and designated as a nature reserve under a new ordinance with the identification 1412002. In the process, western parts of the previous NSG were outsourced, and eastern areas of the same size (around 3.5 ha) were connected to it. In 1984 and 1986 applications were made from various sides for further expansion of the protected areas. The applications were granted in 1992 and in October 1995 the area was expanded to the current area of ​​28.23 hectares.

The Enkheimer Ried nature reserve has been part of the landscape protection area of the Frankfurt Green Belt since 1991 and, together with the southern slope of the Berger Ridge to the north, forms its easternmost extension. A section of the green belt cycle path leads through the reed and along the banks of the reed pond; For reasons of nature and bird protection, however , the bank of the water is not directly accessible to the public.

Flora and fauna

In the Enkheimer Ried there is a large number of rare and protected plant and animal species that justify the status as a nature reserve. Particularly noteworthy are several species of orchids classified as endangered as well as animal species threatened with extinction, such as the European pond turtle and several species of ducks that are also endangered (status: 2003).

The Enkheimer Ried is home to various wetlands, the center of which is the Riedteich

Biotopes

The plant communities in the nature reserve and the native animal species form different biotopes that are adapted to the predominantly moist and swampy habitat. The dominant elements of the area are the reed pond and the floodplain of the Tränkebach / Riedgraben to the east . There reed and watercress reeds predominate; on the banks of the reed pond there are also woody plants typical of wetlands such as the black alder ( Alnus glutinosa ) and several types of willow trees (Salix). To the west of the pond is grassland with wet meadows , sedge meadows and oat meadows. According to the Hessian Nature Conservation Act, § 15d (2002), the particularly protected biotopes of the Enkheimer Ried include areas that consist of swamp forest and alluvial forest as well as wet meadows.

The broad-leaved orchid is one of the rare orchid species found in Enkheimer Ried

Plant species

In several floristic studies carried out at intervals between 1982 and 2000 , some plant species were recorded which at the time of recording were either considered to be acutely endangered or were on the warning list of the Red List for threatened species of the state of Hesse. These include various types of swamp sedge such as the false sedge ( Carex pseudocyperus ) and the fox sedge ( Carex vulpina ) as well as the orchid species flesh-colored orchid ( Dactylorhiza incarnata, orchid of the year 2015) and broad-leaved orchid ( Dactylorhiza majalis ). Examples of various other, also protected plant species in the Enkheimer Ried are the tongue buttercup ( Ranunculus lingua from the buttercup family ), the sweetgrass grape brine ( Bromus racemosus ), the marsh plant water feather ( Hottonia palustris ) and the compositional meadow alant ( Inula britannica ).

The plant diversity of the Enkheimer Ried suffered severe losses as a result of measures to free the water from dense reed vegetation (“de-rushing”), which were carried out in 1959 and 1964. With heavy equipment, the rhizomes of the plants were torn out of the mud of the water over an area of ​​38,000 m², and the mud was then excavated with an excavator and deposited on the bank, whereby other plants were destroyed.

Animal species

From the 1950s to the 1990s, several scientific studies were carried out on the fauna that is native to Enkheimer Ried. Due to the diversity of species, this section of the article is limited to naming some endangered or particularly endangered species by way of example.

The pintail - one of three endangered species of duck native to the reed

Birds

The ornithological observation station Untermain is responsible for the observation of bird species in the Ried , located in the north-east neighboring nature reserve Berger Hang . In investigations in 1992 and 1999, this determined the occurrence of a total of 140 bird species. The teal ( Anas crecca ), the shoveler ( Anas clypeata ) and the pintail ( Anas acuta ) are named as endangered waterfowl . All three species were on the Red List of Birds in Hesse in 1997. Other species observed during the period mentioned are the woodcock ( Scolopax rusticola, endangered) and the common sandpiper ( Tringa hypoleucos, endangered). For the same period ten bird species were considered to be former breeding birds and several other species were considered to be in decline. Regardless of this, the Enkheimer Ried was classified as a "regionally important bird breeding area".

European pond turtle , one of the rarest species in the Enkheimer Ried

Reptiles

Of the reptile species of the Enkheimer Ried, the European pond turtle ( Emys orbicularis ) is considered to be the best studied species there. The local occurrence of this endangered species is proven by finds of fossil turtle shells for the past 5000 years. In the late 1990s, the stock in the reed had sunk to a remaining population of less than ten animals, which was classified as the “last reproductive” population in Germany. For this remnant stock, special protective measures were taken, such as the laying of eggs.

Amphibians

In 1955, a total of eleven types of amphibians were found in the reed, including three types of newts , four types of frogs and several types of toads . It is believed that these stocks have declined significantly as a result of the “de-rushing” measures of the 1950s and 1960s (see above). In the 1990s, the amphibian species common frog ( Rana temporaria ) and pond frog ( Rana klepton esculenta ) as well as the common toad ( Bufo bufo ), which are protected by the Federal Species Protection Ordinance, could still be detected in the nature reserve .

The populations of pike in the reed pond were presumably preserved through artificial stocking

fishes

A study in 1987 revealed the existence of nine species of fish in the reed pond. These include classified as endangered species in the state of Hesse Northern Pike ( Esox lucius, high risk; in Enkheimer Ried presumably by restocking receive), tench ( Tinca tinca ) and Rudd ( Scardinius erytrophthalmus ). 1992 was also of occurrence of the three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosterus aculeatus ) and the Moder Lieschens ( Leucaspius delineatus, probably endangered) reported. According to recent speculations, the European catfish ( Silurus glanis ) should also be represented in the reed pond.

Mammals

The mammal population recorded in Enkheimer Ried in 1992 is low with five species. These are roe deer ( Capreolus capreolus ), brown hare ( Lepus europaeus ), wild rabbit ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ), wood shrew ( Sorex araneus ) and earth vole ( Microtus arvalis ).

Invertebrates

The invertebrates native to the nature reserve include 105 types of beetles (1999), 17 types of butterflies (1992), 19 types (1982) and 16 types (1992) of dragonflies and 11 types of grasshoppers . With 80 species represented, spiders are common , 8 of which are endangered species from native spiders . At the times mentioned there was no new knowledge about the occurrence of harvestmen ; The same applies to any populations of molluscs (especially snails ), the number of species of which was put at 45 in 1955. For molluscs, too, the assumption is that their number and diversity have been decimated by human intervention (“decimation”).

Transport links

The Enkheimer Ried can only be reached by visitors directly on foot or by bike. The signposted green belt cycle path leads past the western bank of the Riedteich. Over a distance of around one kilometer, it leads from Marktstrasse in the northern district of Bergen-Ost on a steep slope down the southern slope of the Berger Ridge into the nature reserve. Coming from the south, the circular cycle path runs from the Mainkur through Fechenheimer and Enkheimer Wald to the Ried.

Along the eastern border of the Enkheimer Ried, located on the boundary between Frankfurt and Bischofsheim, there is also a section of the green belt circular hiking trail, which is also signposted. The hiking trail crosses the Tränkebach / Riedgraben and its Bachaue in a north-south direction. From Bischofsheim several forest and field paths lead west into Enkheimer Ried. There is a 2.5 km long hiking trail around the reed pond; Due to the dense vegetation in places, the pond can only be viewed from the south (Nachtigallenweg) and west bank (Rote Graben) .

The closest public transport stop is the Riedbad bus stop on line 42 of the Frankfurt transport company VgF west of the nature reserve. In their neighborhood, at the Bergen-Enkheim indoor swimming pool, there is a public car park for individual motorized traffic - access is possible via Enkheimer Strasse Fritz-Schubert-Ring and Leuchten . The west bank of the Riedteich is about 200 meters east of the swimming pool. This access is shown as barrier-free. The Bergen-Ost bus stop in the north of Enkheimer Ried , which is served by line 43, is in the immediate vicinity of the green belt circular hiking trail. This leads from there over a distance of around 1.5 km in an easterly and then southwards direction down the Berger slope to the nature reserve.

See also

literature

  • Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve . Article in: Rüdiger Wittig (ed.), Various authors: The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main . Geobotanical Colloquia, No. 17. Verlag Natur & Wissenschaft, Solingen 2003. ISBN 3-936616-11-6 . Pp. 59-72
  • City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (Ed.): City waters - discover lakes, ponds, ponds . Frankfurt 2003. Therein: Chapter Bergen-Enkheim - Riedteich, p. 14
  • City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (Ed.): City waters - discover rivers, streams, oxbow lakes . Frankfurt 2004. Therein: Chapter Eastern Main tributaries - Riedgraben and Entengraben, p. 31
  • City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (Ed.): The Green Belt Leisure Card . 8th, completely new edition, 2017

Web links

Commons : Enkheimer Ried  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve in : The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main, p. 59
  2. ↑ a b c Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve in : The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main, p. 60
  3. ↑ a b Bergen-Enkheim - Riedteich, in: Stadt Frankfurt am Main, Umweltamt (Ed.): Stadtgewässer - Discover lakes, ponds, ponds, p. 14
  4. ↑ Nature Reserve Enkheimer Ried at par.frankfurt.de , the former site of the city of Frankfurt am Main
  5. ↑ City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): City waters - discover rivers, streams, oxbow lakes . Frankfurt 2004. Therein: Chapter Eastern Main tributaries - Riedgraben and Entengraben, p. 31
  6. ↑ a b c Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve in : The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main, p. 61
  7. ↑ City of Frankfurt am Main, Department for Environment, Health and Personnel (Ed.): 20 Years of the Green Belt Frankfurt - People, Data and Projects - 1991–2001 . P. 48 ff.
  8. ↑ a b c d City of Frankfurt am Main, Environment Agency (ed.): The Green Belt Leisure Card . 8th edition 2017
  9. ↑ a b c Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve in : The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main, p. 62 ff.
  10. ↑ Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve in : The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main, p. 63
  11. ↑ Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve in : The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main, p. 66
  12. ↑ a b c Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve in : The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main, p. 67
  13. ↑ Andreas Müller: Enkheimer Ried - Large predatory fish under suspicion . Article in the Frankfurter Rundschau Online from September 3, 2012, accessed on February 6, 2018
  14. ↑ Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve in : The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main, p. 68
  15. ↑ Beate Alberternst: "Enkheimer Ried" nature reserve in : The nature reserves in Frankfurt am Main, p. 69
  16. ↑ a b Kühnberger: NSG Enkheimer Ried and Am Berger Hang (accessed on February 6, 2018)
  17. ↑ Bergen-Enkheim - Riedteich, chapter in: Urban waters - discovering lakes, ponds, pools, p. 14
  18. ^ Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (RMV): General route plan for Frankfurt am Main, 2012 edition