Istanbul earthquake in 1766

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Istanbul earthquake in 1766
Istanbul earthquake 1766 (Istanbul)
Bullseye1.svg
date May 22, 1766
Time 5:10 am
Magnitude 7.1  M S
epicenter 40 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  N , 29 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  E Coordinates: 40 ° 54 ′ 0 ″  N , 29 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  E
country Ottoman Empire
Tsunami Bosphorus Shores, Galata , Mudanya , Prince Islands
dead 4,000


Etching by William Henry Bartlett showing damage to the city wall (ca.1838)

The Istanbul earthquake in 1766 was a powerful earthquake in the eastern Marmara Sea near the Prince Islands in the early morning hours of May 22, 1766. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.1 M S , and caused severe damage to the coastal region between İzmit and Tekirdağ . In this area, the earthquake was followed by a tsunami with further destruction. The earthquake was the last major quake in Istanbul and was caused by a rupture in the North Anatolian Fault .

geology

The Sea of ​​Marmara is a pull-apart basin that was created by relief zones of the North Anatolian Fault. In the eastern Marmara Sea, this dextral shift of leaves divides into three branches; while the sinistral southern branch moves over the mainland to the southwest in the direction of Ayvacik , the other two main branches run under the Sea of ​​Marmara, thus forming the pull-apart basin of the sea and meet again in the northeast. The zone of extension appears where the boundaries of the transform fault between the Anatolian plate and the Eurasian plate to the north become from the İzmit fault to the Ganos fault. In the Sea of ​​Marmara there is a smaller pull-apart basin ( North Marmara Sea Throw ), which connects the three submarine Tekirdağ, Central and Çınarcık Basins with the Izmit and Ganos Faults. At Istanbul, the northern side of the North Marmara Fault Basin becomes the northern branch of the North Anatolian Fault and is a single segment with a sharp bend. To the west, the fault runs in a west-east direction and is a leaf displacement. To the east, the fault runs in a northwest-southeast direction and is a transtension .

In 1766, the fault ruptured either under the Prince Islands or, more likely, under the Çınarcık Basin , as a central break would not have likely caused such a large tsunami that struck Istanbul and Izmit Bay. The event in 1766 was the last to be caused by a rupture of the North Atlantic Fault in the Marmara region. Successive major events that caused considerable damage in Istanbul, such as the earthquake in Istanbul on July 10, 1894 (with an epicenter in the Gulf of Izmit) and the Mürefte earthquake on August 9, 1912 (with an epicenter northwest of Marmara Island ), must be isolated Consider events caused by the uneven stress relief during the 18th century earthquake sequence of which the 1766 quake is a part.

course

The quake began about half an hour after sunrise at 5:10 a.m. on May 22, 1766, the third day of the Islamic Festival of Sacrifice . The first tremors were accompanied by a loud rumble and lasted two minutes. Less intense tremors of four minutes and aftershocks of around eight minutes followed. There were several aftershocks in the weeks that followed. The entire sequence lasted one year. Mathematical models of this event agree with a fault fracture, the length of which is between 70 and 120 km.

According to reports, the quake could be felt as far as Aydin , Thessaloniki , on Mount Athos , in Aytos in eastern Bulgaria and on the coast of the Black Sea. This earthquake has been compared to the catastrophic Lisbon earthquake that occurred 11 years earlier.

Damage

The zone of severe damage ( more than VII on the Mercalli scale ) extended from Bursa to Küçükçekmece , but damage occurred from Tekirdağ and Gelibolu in the west via Izmit in the east to Edirne in the north. The towns around Mudanya also suffered damage, the ports in the region were rendered unusable by the tsunami, while Galata and Büyükçekmece were badly damaged. In Istanbul the intensity of the earthquake was estimated between degrees VII and VIII to IX. Many homes and public buildings collapsed. In addition, part of the underground water distribution system was destroyed; the Ayvat dam in Kağıthane was damaged and the vault of an underground cistern collapsed in Istanbul.

In Istanbul, most of the mosques and churches were damaged, as was the Topkapı Palace. The Ottoman Sultan had to live in makeshift arrangements until his rooms were restored. The population could not go back to their homes and slept in tents in parks and in open spaces. Among the Sultan's mosques, the dome of the Beyazit Mosque was damaged, while the minaret and main dome of the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque collapsed. The Suleymaniye Mosque was also damaged. At the Fatih Mosque , minarets collapsed, the main and some secondary domes and 100 students of the Koran school died. The Kariye Mosque was also badly damaged. Only the Hagia Sophia remained almost undamaged. The Yedikule Fortress , the Eğrikapı and Edirnekapı city gates and the city ​​walls were also damaged, as was the Çarşı Kapalı . All buildings collapsed in Çatalca and the surrounding areas. The highest tsunami occurred on the banks of the Bosporus.

In August of the same year, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.4 M S struck the Dardanelles region. The damage in Istanbul was only minor.

Casualty numbers

The number of dead is estimated at around 4,000, of which 880 died in Istanbul.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Nicholas Ambraseys: The Earthquake of 1509 in the Sea of ​​Marmara, Turkey, Revisited . In: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . Volume 91, No. 6 (December 2001), pp. 1397-1416 doi : 10.1785 / 0120000305
  2. ^ Nicholas Ambraseys, JA Jackson: Seismicity of the Sea of ​​Marmara (Turkey) since 1500 . In: Geophysical Journal International . Volume 141, No. 3 (June 2000), p. F1 doi : 10.1046 / j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x
  3. ↑ Erhan Afyioncu: Istanbul'un son buyuk depremi. In: Sabah. August 20, 2017, accessed May 16, 2020 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Nicolas Pondard, Rolando Armijo, Geoffrey CP King, Bertrand Meyer, Frederic Flerit: Fault interactions in the Sea of ​​Marmara pull-apart (North Anatolian Fault): earthquake clustering and propagating earthquake sequences . In: Geophys. J. Int. Volume 171, No. 3, pp. 1185–1197, doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-246X.2007.03580.x ( online as PDF )
  5. ↑ a b Marco Bohnhoff, Patricia Martínez-Garzón, Fatih Bulut, Eva Stierle, Yehuda Ben-Zion: Maximum earthquake magnitudes along different sections of the North Anatolian fault zone . In: Tectonophysics . Volume 674, pp. 147-165, doi : 10.1016 / j.tecto.2016.02.028
  6. ↑ a b c d e Roland Armijo, Bertrand Meyer, Sébastien Navarro, Geoffrey King, Aykut Narka: Asymmetric slip partitioning in the Sea of ​​Marmara pull-apart: a clue to propagation processes of the North Anatolian Fault? . In: Terra Nova . Volume 14, No. 2, 2002, pp. 80–86 ( online as PDF )
  7. ↑ a b Helene Hebert, Francois Schindele, Yildiz Altinok, Bedri Alpar, Cem Gazioglu: Tsunami hazard in the Marmara Sea (Turkey): a numerical approach to discuss active faulting and impact on the Istanbul coastal areas . In: Marine Geology . Volume 215, No. 1-2 (2005), pp. 23-43, doi : 10.1016 / j.margeo.2004.11.006
  8. ↑ a b c Erhan Afyouncu: Istanbul's nightmare: A timeline of earthquakes that shook the city. In: Daily Sabah. September 26, 2018, accessed May 16, 2020 .
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g h Nicholas Ambraseys, CF Finkel: Long-term seismicity of Istanbul and of the Marmara sea region . In: Terra Nova . Volume 3, No. 5, pp. 527-539, doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-3121.1991.tb00188.x
  10. ↑ Şevket Erşan: A Comparative Evaluation of the Results of Two Earthquakes: Istanbul and Lisbon Earthquake in 18th Century . Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Historic Earthquake-Resistant Timber Frames in the Mediterranean Region - H.Ea.RT2015, December 2-4, 2015, LNEC, Portugal
  11. ↑ a b Tom Parsons: Recalculated probability of M> = 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of ​​Marmara, Turkey . In: Journal of Geophysical Research . Volume 109, No. B5, p. B05304, doi : 10.1029 / 2003JB002667 , online )
  12. ↑ a b Mustapha Meghraoui, Ersen Aksoy, Serdar Akyüz, Matthieu Ferry, Aynur Dikbaş, Erhan Altunel: Paleoseismology of the North Anatolian Fault at Güzelköy (Ganos segment, Turkey): Size and recurrence time of earthquake ruptures west of the Sea of ​​Marmara . In: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems . Volume 13, No. 4, o. S., doi : 10.1029 / 2011GC003960 ( Online as PDF )
  13. ↑ Dietrich Lange, Heidrun Kopp, Jean-Yves Royer, Pierre Henry, Ziyadin Çakir, Florian Petersen, Pierre Sakic, Valerie Ballu, Jörg Bialas, Mehmet Sinan Özeren, Semih Ergintav, Louis Géli: Interseismic strain build-up on the submarine North Anatolian Fault offshore Istanbul . In: Nature Communications . Volume 10, No. 1, p. 3006 doi : 10.1038 / s41467-019-11016-z
  14. ^ A b Robert Yeats: Earthquake time bombs . Cambridge University Press, 2015, ISBN 978-1316048184 doi : 10.1017 / CBO9781316048184
  15. ↑ Korai Kamaci: Osmanlı Devlet'inde Depremler ve 1509 Büyük Depremi. In: Istiklal. October 19, 2015, accessed May 16, 2020 .
  16. ↑ Wolfgang Müller-Wiener : Picture dictionary on the topography of Istanbul: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul up to the beginning of the 17th century . Wasmuth, Tübingen 1977, ISBN 978-3803010223 , p. 388
  17. ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 441
  18. ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 467
  19. ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 407
  20. ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 162
  21. ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 93
  22. ↑ Damage to domes, minarets and historical structures. In: 1996 ～ 2010 年 間 に 国内外 で 生 じ た 主要 地震 に よ る 被害 報告 書. 土木 学会 地震 工 学 委員会. JSCE - Japan Society of Civil Engeneers, accessed May 16, 2020 .
  23. ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 341
  24. ↑ Müller-Wiener (1977), p. 346
  25. ↑ Çelik Gülersoy: Story of the Grand Bazaar . İstanbul Kitaplıg, Istanbul 1990, ISBN 978-9757687023 , p. 12