Ese Kapi Mosque

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Map of Constantinople. The Ese Kapı Mosque is located on the southern branch of the Mese in the southeast of the city.

The Ese-Kapı Mosque ( Turkish Ese Kapısı Mescidi or İsa Kapısı Mescidi , dt. Christ Tormo Schee ), more rarely Hadim Ibrahim Pasha Mescidi , was a Byzantine church in Constantinople Opel , during the time of the Ottoman Empire for Mescit was rebuilt.

location

The reconstructed mosque is located in the Davutpaşa district in the Fatih district of today's Istanbul . The Sancaktar Hayrettin Mosque , which is also of Byzantine origin, is located around 500 meters to the southwest . The building is located in the park of the Cerrahpaşa Hospital, which is the seat of the medical faculty of the Istanbul Universitesi .

The church was built on the southern slope of the seventh hill of Constantinople in the Ta Dalmatou district . The building was within the Theodosian Wall and at the Exakiónios Gate ( Greek Πύλη τοῦ Ἐξακιονίου ) or the Saturninus Gate ( Greek Πύλη τοῦ Σατουρνίνου ) of the older Constantine Wall, which no longer exists.

history

Byzantine period

The origins of the building are unknown. The comparison of the bricks of the masonry with those of the Pammakaristos Church and Chora Church suggests that the building was constructed in the late 13th or early 14th century during the time of the palaeologists . An occasional identification as Iasités monastery ( Greek Μονῆ τοῦ Ἰασίτου ) is unconfirmed.

Ottoman time

The mosque in a drawing by AG Paspates (1877)

After Constantinople was conquered by the Ottomans in 1453, the gate that gave the building its name ( İsa Kapısı , Jesus Gate) was badly damaged in an earthquake in 1509. Between 1551 and 1560, the vizier Hadim Ibrahim Pascha († 1562/63) had the building converted into a small devotional mosque. Previously, he had already donated the Hadım İbrahim Pasha Mosque at the Silivri Gate ( Silivrikapi in Turkish ) . At the same time, court architect Sinan expanded the existing complex. Sinan built a Medrese (Koran school) and a dershane ( crammer ). The church stood between the two buildings as a connecting element. The location of these religious institutions in the sparsely populated districts along the city walls, where the population was predominantly Christian, shows the vizier's desire to pursue a policy of Islamization of the city. The complex was damaged several times by earthquakes in the 17th century and restored in 1648.

In 1741, Ahmet Agha , a white eunuch whom İbrahim Pasha had appointed administrator of the foundation, donated a small well ( Sebil in Turkish ). An earthquake in 1894 destroyed the building. Only two of the outer walls remained. The mosque was abandoned

Current situation

In 2009 the ruins were restored and the mosque reconstructed.

description

The structure was erected over a rectangular floor plan and is 17 meters long and 6.80 meters wide. The church had a single nave and had a bema with three apses in the east . The central apse was demolished during the Ottoman period and replaced by a wall. The masonry of the building consisted of rows of white ashlars alternating with rows of red bricks, creating a banding effect typical of the late Byzantine period. The outer side of the preserved wall is structured by pilaster strips that are spanned by arches. The church was probably originally dominated by a dome, but in the 19th century this had already been replaced by a wooden roof. The interior of the church was decorated with frescoes from the time of the palaeologists. Two of them in the southern apse showed the Archangels Michael (in the conche) and Hypatios of Gangra (on the side wall). The two murals were still visible in 1930, but have since disappeared. Stucco decorations can still be seen on both walls.

Two sides of the courtyard are occupied by the madrasah with eleven cells in which students lived and a dershane. The limited space forced Sinan to come up with a plan that differed greatly from the standard solution for religious building complexes of this type. The masonry of the madrasah has a two-tone pattern similar to that used in the church. The Dershane is decorated with a relief frieze made of stucco arabesques. The entrance to the courtyard is decorated with a small sebil .

literature

Web links

Commons : Ese Kapi Mosque  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 41 ° 0 ′ 16.8 ″  N , 28 ° 56 ′ 23.7 ″  E

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Wolfgang Müller-Wiener : Pictorial dictionary on the topography of Istanbul: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul up to the beginning of the 17th century . Wasmuth, Tübingen 1977, p. 118
  2. ^ Archaeological Destruction in Turkey, preliminary report. Marmara Region - Byzantine , TAY Project, p. 29
  3. ^ A b Raymond Janin : Les Églises et les Monastères. (= La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin . Part 1: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique , Volume 3), Institut Français d'Etudes, Paris 1953, p. 264
  4. ↑ a b c Gulru Necipoĝlu: The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire . Reaction Books, London 2005, ISBN 978-1-86189-244-7 , p. 392
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Semavi Eyice : Istanbul. Petite Guide a travers les Monuments Byzantins et Turcs . Istanbul Matbaası, Istanbul 1955, p. 90
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Wolfgang Müller-Wiener : Pictorial dictionary on the topography of Istanbul: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul up to the beginning of the 17th century . Wasmuth, Tübingen 1977, p. 119
  7. ↑ Ebru Boyran, Kate Fleet: A social History of Ottoman Istanbul . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-19955-1 , p. 146
  8. ↑ Ese Kapı Mosque , Restoration Measures 2009, Cizgi Architects, accessed on May 21, 2019
  9. ^ Ernest Mamboury : The Tourists' Istanbul . Çituri Biraderler Basımevi, Istanbul 1953, p. 302