Euscorpius italicus

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Euscorpius italicus
Euscorpius italicus.jpg

Euscorpius italicus

Systematics
Sub-stem : Jawbearers (Chelicerata)
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Scorpions (Scorpionides)
Family : Euscorpiidae
Genre : Euscorpius
Type : Euscorpius italicus
Scientific name
Euscorpius italicus
( Autumn , 1800)

Euscorpius italicus is a scorpion species from the family of euscorpiidae . The area with regular occurrences of the largest species of the genus Euscorpius with a length of up to 50 mmextends from south-east France to the east coast of the Black Sea in Georgia and Russia . Euscorpius italicus is an outspoken cultural follower and is regularly abducted to other regions due to its frequent stay in houses.

As with all species of the genus Euscorpius , the stings of E. italicus are largely harmless to humans. The effect is comparable to that of bee or wasp stings .

features

Euscorpius italicus and Euscorpius naupliensis differ from the other species of the genus by the significantly larger number of trichobothria on the underside of the pedipalpen hand (Chela manus) and by the large number of trichobothria on the outside of the patella of the pedipalps. The morphological differences between the two species are slight. In contrast to E. naupliensis , E. italicus has 7–12 (mostly 8–10) trichobothria on the underside of the pedipalic hand, mostly 12–13 trichobothria on the underside of the pedipalic patella and 30–41 trichobothria on the outside. The trichobothria group "em" on the outside of the pedipalpenpatella usually has 5 trichobothria, the group "esba" is almost always present.

With a length of up to 50 mm, Euscorpius italicus is the largest species of the genus Euscorpius , but on average the animals remain significantly smaller. Swiss animals had lengths between 29.2 and 49.4 mm, males had an average length of 37.3 mm, females reached an average of 38.6 mm. Overall, the animals are dark reddish brown to blue-black, only the belly and the telson are somewhat lighter.

distribution and habitat

The area with regular occurrences stretches from the south-east of France over the extreme south of Switzerland, north and central Italy and the western part of the Balkan Peninsula to south-west Greece. In addition, almost the entire coast of the Black Sea in Turkey , Georgia and Russia is geographically separated . Euscorpius italicus is an outspoken cultural follower and is regularly abducted to other regions due to its frequent stay in houses. The occurrences in Algeria, Morocco, Yemen and Iraq and possibly also the occurrence in Romania are considered naturalized.

The species is found almost without exception in human settlement areas on old boundary or house walls or in other habitats that have been heavily modified by humans, such as vineyards and sweet chestnut cultures terraced with quarry stone walls . Occurrences in natural locations are only known from mountainous ranges of hills in the Italian regions of Tuscany and Latium .

Systematics

E. italicus is placed together with Euscorpius naupliensis in the subgenus Polytrichobothrius . E. naupliensis was only separated from E. italicus in 2002 due to morphological and genetic differences .

Way of life

E. italicus , like all species of the genus arthropods, eats every species in the right size. As prey is in the field demonstrated the roll Assel Armadilidium vulgare , Centipede the genera Cryptops and Scutigera , the forficula auricularia ( Forficula auricularia ), crickets ( Gryllus campestris ), the forest Grille ( Nemobius syvestris ) and various moth and spiders .

E. italicus , female with young animals

Females with young animals have only been observed outdoors in August and September, and mating apparently only takes place during this period. Accordingly, the animals probably only have young once a year and the gestation period lasts 11 to 11.5 months. E. italicus like all scorpions viviparous ( viviparous ), the hatchlings break immediately after birth their Embryonalhaut and climb on the back of the mother. The number of young animals is only known from pregnant wild animals, whose young were born in the laboratory, here the number of young animals per female was between 9 and 62.As is usual with scorpions, the young scorpions leave their mother after the first molt, which occurs with E. italicus after 6 to 7 days.

According to captivity observations, males need 5–6, females 6–7 molting until sexual maturity, according to Braunwalder, the animals in the wild should then be at least 2–3 years old (males) or 2.5–4 years old (females). Both sexes normally have a life expectancy of 4 to 8 years, in the laboratory a female still lived after 10 years. Information on natural enemies or parasites is not available from the field.

Danger

The endangerment situation is assessed differently in different areas, in South Tyrol the species is considered safe, in the rest of Italy and Switzerland as endangered. According to Braunwalder, the main risk factors in Switzerland are the destruction of the preferred dry stone walls by new construction and reconstruction of buildings, roads, retaining walls etc. as well as the encroachment of dry and semi-arid locations.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : pp. 99-100
  2. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : p. 26
  3. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : p. 43
  4. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : pp. 44–45
  5. ↑ a b B. Gantenbein, ME Soleglad, V. Fet, P. Crucitti & EV Fet: Euscorpius naupliensis (CL Koch, 1837) (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae): elevation to the species level justified by molecular and morphological data. Revista Iberica de Aracnologia 6, 2002: pp. 25 and 35
  6. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : pp. 189–190
  7. ^ V. Fet: Scorpions of Europe. Acta Zool. Bulg. 62 (1), 2010: pp. 3-12
  8. ↑ B. Gantenbein, ME Soleglad, V. Fet, P. Crucitti & EV Fet: Euscorpius naupliensis (CL Koch, 1837) (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae): elevation to the species level justified by molecular and morphological data. Revista Iberica de Aracnologia 6, 2002: pp. 13-43
  9. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : pp. 66–68
  10. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : pp. 70 and 75ff
  11. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : pp. 89 and 93–94
  12. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : p. 68
  13. ^ ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5 : pp. 191–193

literature

  • ME Braunwalder: Scorpiones (Arachnida). Fauna Helvetica 13, Neuchâtel 2005, ISBN 2-88414-025-5
  • Benjamin Gantenbein, Michael E. Soleglad, Victor Fet, Pierangelo Crucitti & Elizabeth V. Fet: Euscorpius naupliensis (CL Koch, 1837) (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae): elevation to the species level justified by molecular and morphological data. Revista Iberica de Aracnologia 6, 2002: pp. 13-43

Web links

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