Fortress Europe

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Fortress Europe ( English fortress Europe , French forteresse Europe ) is a historical name that is used in different political contexts.

Military term

In the literature of the early 19th century the term appears in relation to the Napoleonic Wars . In August 1808 the writer Johann Stephan Schütze wrote of the "besieged fortress Europe".

During the Second World War , fortress Europe was the term established by propagandists of the Foreign Office and in particular by Joseph Goebbels and used under the National Socialists for the part of Europe occupied by the German Empire and Italy ( axis Berlin-Rome ). As early as the end of 1942, instructions were issued to press offices not to use the term Fortress Europe any longer because it had a negative connotation. Fortresses are always prepared for siege and defense - Europe, however, is on the attack. In 1943 the term was so frowned upon by the National Socialists that further orders soon followed. “Fortress Europe”, “European fortress” and comparable formulations should be completely removed from articles and replaced by “Atlantic Wall”.

Economic policy

The European Community and later made since about 1989 in the wake of the Maastricht Treaty establishing the European Union regarded as an economic "fortress Europe" that would weaken global economic growth and hinder the liberalization of world trade.

On September 12, 1989, Günter Rinsche used the term at the 37th federal party conference of the CDU in Bremen. The Bayerische Rundfunk asked a month later in the show business and social affairs : "Fortress Europe? Is the EC closing the borders? "

Asylum and foreclosure policy

Since the first half of the 1990s, the term Fortress Europe has been used with critical intent to describe the EU's policy of isolation, particularly with regard to asylum and immigration law . Journalists, political scientists and political activists from the No Border Network , Amnesty International and the Pro Asyl initiative , but also the Federal Agency for Political Education, use it in this sense .

Recently, the term has been used more and more by representatives of right-wing populist, right-wing radical and right-wing extremist parties and groups - in an explicitly affirmative way as a call for the expansion of European border security measures. In the course of the refugee crisis in Europe in 2015 , the term was used by Austria's Interior Minister Johanna Mikl-Leitner , among others , to describe a future, stricter security system at the external borders of the European Union . Fortress Europe is also the name of an Islamophobic movement from the Pegida area . It was founded on January 23, 2016 in Prague. Her spokesperson is Tatjana Festerling , her manifesto is the Prague Declaration. The initiative supports right-wing extremist militias on the Bulgarian external border. In June 2018, Bavarian Prime Minister Markus Söder stated in a guest article for the newspaper Die Welt : “The term 'Fortress Europe' used to have only negative connotations. It changes. Citizens today want a safe Europe that protects their cultural identity. Europe must finally be able again to better protect itself from the changes and turmoil in the world. "

Use in music

Various references are made in music to the theme of Fortress Europe .

in the neo-Nazi environment

Ian Stuart Donaldson , singer of the RAC band Skrewdriver , referred directly to the military defense of Europe for the preservation of the "white race" with the piece Fortress Europe , released on his solo debut in 1989, No Turning Back . The right-wing extremist music group Kraftschlag released the EP Fortress Europe in 1997 and indirectly advocates shooting on the border with Europe in the title track on it.

in the left environment

In 2003, the British music group brought Asian Dub Foundation published a single called "Fortress Europe", whose lyrics asks: "Tear down the walls of fortress Europe." The Berlin Skatepunk band ZSK increases in their 2006 published piece Fortress Europe on sarcastic reference to the foreclosure policy.

See also

literature

  • Corinna Milborn : Stormed Fortress Europe , 2006.
  • Roland Siegloff : Journey to the final frontiers. 100 days of free travel through Fortress Europe , 2011

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Stephan Schütze: Short report on our way of life , In newspaper for the elegant world , issue 140, August 20, 1808, Georg-Voß-Verlag Leipzig, p. 2.
  2. ↑ a b c Keyword fortress Europe , in: Cornelia Schmitz-Berning: Vokabular des Nationalozialismus . 2nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2007, p. 232f
  3. ↑ a b Protocol to the 37th Federal Party Congress of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, 11. – 13. September 1989, Bremen, p. 149, PDF
  4. ↑ Hugo Dicke: Completion of the Internal Market , In: Erik Boettcher, Philipp Herder-Dorneich, Karl-Ernst Schenk, Dieter Schmidtchen: Internationalization of the Economy and Economic Policy , JCB Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen 1990, ISBN 978-3-642- 84179-8 , p. 129
  5. ↑ Ramesh Jaura: The European Community and the "Third World" , In: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Böhm: Europe 1993 - Supermarket or Social Room? , Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1992, ISBN 3-428-07318-5 , pp. 145-148
  6. ^ Paul Kevenhörster, Werner Pascha, Karen A. Shire: Japan - Economy. Society. Politics , Leske & Budrich, Opladen 2003, ISBN 978-3-8100-3413-7 , p. 170
  7. ↑ Bayerischer Rundfunk. Program July - December 1989, PDF
  8. ^ Herbert Schnoor: Refuge or Fortress Europe? , Dialogue series of the Press and Information Office of the State Government of North Rhine-Westphalia, 1991
  9. ↑ Basso-Secretariat Berlin (ed.): Fortress Europe in the dock: Documentation of the Basso-Tribunal on the right of asylum in Europe . Westphalian steam boat, Münster 1995.
  10. ^ Nicholas Busch: Construction site fortress Europe: observations, analyzes, reflections . Drava, Klagenfurt 2006.
  11. ↑ Corinna Milborn: Gestürmte Fortress Europe. Immigration between the barbed wire and the ghetto. The black book . Styria, Graz 2006.
  12. ^ Fortress Europe , Federal Agency for Civic Education
  13. ↑ "Fortress Europe" | Amnesty International. Retrieved July 6, 2018 .
  14. ↑ Fortress Europe . ( proasyl.de [accessed on June 23, 2018]).
  15. ↑ Federal Agency for Civic Education: Fortress Europe | bpb. Retrieved August 7, 2018 .
  16. ↑ Payment service PayPal freezes the identity of the identity . In: Der Tagesspiegel Online . June 14, 2017, ISSN  1865-2263 ( tagesspiegel.de [accessed July 6, 2018]).
  17. ^ Volksstimme Magdeburg: AfD wants fortress Europe. Retrieved July 6, 2018 .
  18. ↑ n-tv news: fewer participants than expected . In: n-tv.de . ( n-tv.de [accessed on July 6, 2018]).
  19. ↑ APA, red: "Thousands of refugees came to Slovenia from Croatia during the night" derstandard.at of October 23, 2015
  20. ↑ Christian Jakob: New right-wing extremist alliance in Dresden: Trembling with anger . In: The daily newspaper: taz . October 4, 2016, ISSN  0931-9085 ( taz.de [accessed July 6, 2018]).
  21. ^ Christian Jakob: Right-wing extremist militias in Bulgaria: On the hunt for refugees . In: the daily newspaper . April 8, 2016 ( taz.de [accessed on August 28, 2016]).
  22. ↑ 9punkt - The Debate Review from June 23, 2018 - Perlentaucher. Retrieved June 23, 2018 .
  23. ↑ Kirsten Dyck: Reichsrock: The International Web of White-Power and Neo-Nazi Hate Music , Rutgers University Press 2016, ISBN 0-81357-470-6
  24. ↑ Nadja Ritter: Right-wing extremist songs , Federal Agency for Civic Education, March 10, 2009.
  25. ↑ Asian Dub Foundation - Fortress Europe Lyrics. Retrieved July 6, 2018 .