State fortress Ingolstadt
The state fortress of Ingolstadt was a fortress of the Bavarian Army , which was built to the right and left of the Danube around Ingolstadt .
In the course of the reconstruction of the original medieval fortifications and the subsequent expansion of the Ingolstadt fortress, a total of five main phases can be distinguished, which are presented below. It is noteworthy that in Ingolstadt, in addition to the almost completely preserved medieval city wall, the works from the later phases have been preserved, if not completely, at least to a significant extent and thus convey a lively idea of how the city was shaped by the fortifications at the time. After the post-war thesis that the remaining fortifications should be erased from the cityscape was dropped, the classicist fortifications in particular were restored and given new uses.
The renaissance fortress
Duke Wilhelm IV decided to develop Ingolstadt into a state fortress. The expansion took place from 1538 to around 1545 under the direction of Reinhard Graf zu Solms . The reasons for this were the strategic importance of Ingolstadt at the intersection of the roads from Regensburg to Ulm and from Nuremberg / Amberg to Augsburg / Munich, its location on the north-western border of the duchy and the need to control a bridge over the Danube. The nearest Danube bridges in Neuburg, Regensburg or Passau did not belong to his domain. The basic idea was to lay a walled earth wall with a moat in front of the medieval city wall, on which guns could be placed for defense. Brick bastions were erected at the corner points , which served as reinforcement and made it possible to paint the ditch and protect the neighboring walls with flanking fire. The following works were created during this time :
- Brick bastion , masonry and casemated bastion
- Harder bastion
- Ball bastion
- Cross gate bastion
- Rundell at the women's shelter
- Streich weir (smoke hole)
- Rundell at the Red Tower
- Danube front
The masonry works of the first three bastions are still preserved today, with Kugel and Harderbastei being used. The other works have not survived, but all are documented in the city model by Jakob Sandtner 1572/1573.
Expansion and expansion after the Thirty Years War
The works of the Renaissance fortress were strengthened after the Thirty Years' War and expanded and rebuilt by Christoph Heidemann in 1654–1662. This even though the state of Bavaria was completely devastated after the Thirty Years' War and it would have been understandable if Elector Ferdinand Maria had used all available means to rebuild the state, but not to strengthen the most important state fortress. Nevertheless, a total of 20,000 guilders were initially spent from 1651 to 1653 , then between 1654 and 1662 the considerable sum of 260,000 guilders was spent on expanding the state fortress. The inner ditch wall on the main wall was raised and further bastions separated by a wet ditch were built in front of the existing bastions. Because the gates represented a weak point in every fortress, Heidemann pushed through the closure of the Hardertore in the north of the city. The new works were (starting from the east counterclockwise):
- Donkey bastion or donkey bastion (in front of the existing work, the so-called donkey cavalier )
- Feldkirchner Ravelin in front of the Rossmühle, over which the path was led over two bridges to Feldkirchen
- Ice cellar bastion in front of the Feldkirchner Tor
- Sebastian's Bastion (named after the nearby Church of St. Sebastian )
- Brick bastion (in front of the brick bastion, which was now called the Brick Cavalier ) with a brick escarp and throat
- Long curtain wall bastion (in front of the main wall, between Harder and Ziegelbastei)
- Harder Bastion (in front of the Harder Bastion, now Harder Cavalier , the Harder Gate was bricked up and the gate tower demolished)
- Kugel-Bastion (in front of the Kugelbastei, now also renamed Kugel-Kavalier )
- Kreuztor-Bastion (in front of the Rundell at the Kreuztor, from which the Kreuztor Cavalier became)
- Women's bastion in front of the Rundell at the women's shelter
- Smoke Hole Bastion
- Münzberg-Bastion (in front of the Rundell at the red tower, now Münzberg-Kavalier and the weir located there, which should prevent excessive drainage from the ditches when the Danube is low)
- Donaufront (the earth wall built during the Thirty Years War up to the Duke's Box was extended to the New Castle)
- Bridgehead (designed as a hornwork with the so-called hornwork bezel )
In the War of the Spanish Succession , Ingolstadt was besieged in 1704 by the troops of Margrave Ludwig von Baden , but the siege was lifted due to the victory of the opponents at Höchstädt , as the troops were needed for the occupation of Ulm. In 1743, during the War of the Austrian Succession , a sham siege by imperial troops took place. The mainly French occupation of the Ingolstadt fortress under General Grandville capitulated without need, whereupon the enemy fell into the hands of the fortress, 115 artillery pieces and over 10,000 rifles. The condition of the fortress deteriorated under Elector Karl Theodor , as no funds were available to maintain it. From 1796 imperial troops provided the garrison of the fortress, which was handed over to Napoleon's troops without a fight in 1800 after the Hohenlinden armistice ; they let the fortress be destroyed from November 1800 to March 1801.
No structural evidence has survived from the buildings that were erected during the Baroque period. An archaeological find of several hundred ceramic grenades , which were brought to light in 1983 when the underground car park was built at the foot of the former Feldkirchner Tor Bastei , most likely dates from this period . The grenades were probably disposed of in a moat at this point, which was then backfilled before 1723. Much of the grenades was at the rescue still with the original charge of gunpowder and detonators provided.
The classical fortress
Just a few years after the fortress was razed under Napoleon, the rebuilding of the so-called classicist fortress began in 1828–1849, initially by Michael von Streiter (1773–1838) in collaboration with Leo von Klenze , and later by Peter von Becker (1778–1848).
By Gelder, the Militärersparungskommission had saved in the military budget, to saw Ludwig I in 1826 in a position to 1801 by the French to build fortifications destroyed again.
Ludwig I decided against the fortress construction commission , which favored Regensburg , as well as against the Commander-in-Chief Wrede , who favored Germersheim , that Ingolstadt be the location of the new royal Bavarian main state fortress. The decisions and implementation of the work began over the heads of Wrede and War Minister Mailot . The decision was not unreasonable, since Ingolstadt was now almost in the geographical center of the new kingdom and an attack was to be expected from both the French and Austrian sides.
Work began in 1828 with the laying of the foundation stone on the bridgehead for the Reduit Tilly . At times up to 7,000 workers were employed in the construction of the fortress. This against the background that after the fortress was razed and the university left in 1800, just 4,400 people lived in Ingolstadt in 1818. In 1846 the population, which had grown due to the economic boom due to the work on the fortifications, was already over 13,000. As early as 1849, the defense capability of the fortress was reported. Around 23 million guilders had been built in by 1855, which made the fortress the most expensive construction project of Ludwig I's reign. The constructions of the fortress at the bridgehead followed the circular design of Streiters, on the north side of the Danube the polygonal system Becker was implemented, whereby the south-eastern flank only had irregular fronts (along the remains of the fortifications before 1800), the parts north of the Schutter were designed as regular fronts.
Names of the fortifications (fronts and cavaliers alternate)
- Cavalier Dallwigk, Fronte Raglovic
- Cavalier Heydeck (with New Feldkirchner Tor), Fronte Rechberg
- Cavalier Elbracht, Fronte Zoller
- Cavalier Spreti (with New Hardertor), Fronte Vieregg
- Cavalier Hepp (with new cross gate), Fronte Pappenheim
- Cavalier Zweibrücken
- Schutterhof
- Fronte Butler, Turm Baur (original name, not to be confused with today's Turm Baur on the right side of the Danube)
- Fronte Preysing , Triva tower
- Throat Deroy
- Tillyveste bridgehead fortification (today: Reduit Tilly ) with two oval towers (today: Tower Baur and Tower Triva )
- Fronte Gumppenberg also with a flanking tower
Except for the Kavalier Spreti, which was demolished in 1963, the Kavaliers have all been preserved. Of the fronts, only the Rechberg front and the foundation walls of the Raglovic front have survived. The buildings of the bridgehead can be found in today's Klenzepark. In addition, the moat and wall of the irregular fronts as well as the Preysing front (today Fronte 79) have been preserved.
Construction of the first Vorwerk belt
Already in the first drafts of Streiters for the re-fortification of Ingolstadt, four pre-fortifications were planned for the left bank of the Danube at a distance of approx. 600–700 fathoms (1100 meters) from the main wall. Von Streiter assumed that artillery technology would develop rapidly and that independent pre-festivals were therefore necessary in order to be able to effectively prevent a bombing of the city center. After Streiters was dismissed due to the construction cost overruns (which were ultimately not only due to inaccuracies in the calculation for which he was responsible, but also to Klenze's ideas for the execution of the fortress structures) and the appointment of Colonel Peter Becker as fortress construction director, there were now three preliminary festivals ( Haslang in the west (today: Fort-Haslang-Park ) , Max Emanuel in the north and Wrede in the east) and two cross block houses (Habermann in the northwest and Minucci in the northeast) are planned. Lack of money and the rapid development of the artillery delayed the construction of the Vorfeste. Although the land for the Vorfeste was acquired in 1835 and the two cross-block houses, begun in 1837, had long been completed, the plans for the three Vorwerk on the left bank of the Danube were not taken up again until 1859. Due to the increased range of the guns, the planned location of the northern Max Emanuel Vorwerk was pushed forward from the main wall and placed on the Ettinger Höhe. After further back and forth, whereby the amount of the construction costs and the shortage of money were still decisive for the delays, the construction of the Vorfeste received new urgency due to the mobilization order of May 10, 1866. Due to the imminent danger of war, between 1866 and 1871 the construction of the three missing outer forts as well as seven additional works on the right bank of the Danube were carried out using a temporary construction method (earth and wood). Only the three works on the left bank of the Danube were subsequently listed as permanent works between 1868 and 1872.
Construction of the outer fort belt
In the course of the improvement in gun technology and the resulting greater range of the shells, the construction of a further outlying belt became necessary. The work began in 1875, but after a short time new reinforcement measures were required due to the so-called explosive grenade crisis , which were completed by 1895. A total of seven intermediate works and nine outer forts were built at a distance of five to eight kilometers from the city center.
In 1937 the Ingolstadt fortress was finally abandoned. The permanent forts went to the administration of the army stuff Office over and the Wehrmacht served until 1945 mostly as ammunition depot or Component assembly of ammunition.
Of the outer fort belt, only Fort VI Prince Karl near Katharinenberg remains, which today houses the Ingolstadt explosive unit . The other forts were blown up by the American occupation forces after the Second World War.
See also
literature
- Kleemann, Otto History of Ingolstadt Fortress up to 1815 . Literary and artistic establishment, Munich, 1883.
- Aichner, Ernst The expansion and the beginning of the abandonment of the Bavarian state fortress Ingolstadt . Phil. Dissertation Munich, 1974.
- Gerhard Wickern, Eduard Eiser: Die Bayerische Landesfestung Ingolstadt , Förderverein Bayerische Landesfestung Ingolstadt (Ed.), 1st edition, espresso-Verlag, Ingolstadt 2008, ISBN 978-3-9810765-5-4 .
- Gerhard Wickern, Eduard Eiser: Die Bayerische Landesfestung Ingolstadt / Part II: The Vorwerks- and Fortgürtel , Förderverein Bayerische Landesfestung Ingolstadt (ed.), 1st edition, espresso-Verlag, Ingolstadt 2010, ISBN 978-3-9812964-8-8 .
- Frank Becker, Christina Grimminger, Karlheinz Hemmeter Monuments in Bavaria. City of Ingolstadt . Volume I.1, half volume 1 of the monument topography of the Federal Republic of Germany, Munich, 2002. ISBN 3-87490-583-7 , pp. XCIII – CXXII.
- Aichner, Ernst et al. Stories & faces. Ingolstadt - about becoming a city . Illustrated book for the exhibition in Klenzepark, Ingolstadt, 2000. ISBN 3-932113-30-6 , pp. 140–169.
- Bauer, Karl The Fort IV of the royal Bavarian state fortress Ingolstadt . Globulus special volume II / 2007, Eichstätt, 2007. ISBN 978-3-928671-38-5 .
Web links
- Website of the Friends of the Bavarian State Fortress Ingolstadt
- Ingolstadt Fortress - Interactive map app on the 650-year history of Uwe Arauner's fortress
Individual evidence
- ↑ www.festungingolstadt.de
- ↑ www.festungingolstadt.de
- ^ Andreas Franzkowiak, Chris Wenzel: Explosives from the underground car park - An extraordinary ceramic grenade find from Ingolstadt . In: Collection sheet of the historical association Ingolstadt . No. 125 , 2016, ISSN 1619-6074 , p. 95-110 .
Coordinates: 48 ° 46 ′ 4.1 ″ N , 11 ° 24 ′ 58.3 ″ E