Filistatidae

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Filistatidae
Kukulcania hibernalis, male

Kukulcania hibernalis , male

Systematics
Class : Arachnids (arachnida)
Order : Spiders (Araneae)
Subordination : Real spiders (Araneomorphae)
Partial order : Haplogynae
Superfamily : Filistatoidea
Family : Filistatidae
Scientific name of the  superfamily
Filistatoidea
???
Scientific name of the  family
Filistatidae
Ausserer , 1867

The Filistatidae are a family of real spiders and comprise 18 genera with 126 species . (As of June 2016)

The family is also called "Lochröhrenspinnen" in German by Bellmann (1997). They are common worldwide. In Switzerland only is Pritha nana demonstrated (view among others, 2004). Further representatives of the family have not yet been found in Central Europe .

description

The characteristic feature of the family is the egg-shaped front body ( prosoma ) and the position of the eyes when viewed from above . The eight eyes are close together on a hill at the upper edge of the forehead, well in front of the front end of the prosoma (Bellman; Heimer and Nentwig , 1991). Filistata species are not clearly marked. The shape of the breast plate ( sternum ) and the presence of the cribellum are important features. The males can only be found in autumn and winter (tropics!) (Sauer and Wunderlich, 1985).

The largest species of the family is Filistata insidiatrix (Bellmann) with 7 mm (males) to 14 mm (females ). Filistata insidiatrix has a gray abdomen ( opisthosoma ) and a yellow-brown prosoma with strong legs. The eight eyes are crowded together on a common hill (Bellmann, Heimer & Nentwig, 1991).

Pritha nana is only 2.5 to 4.4 mm in size. The females live for several years, the males are annual.

Way of life

Net of a Filistatidae species

The members of the Filistatidae live between stones, in cracks in walls or crevices in which they weave living tubes that open outwards like a funnel and merge into a dense weave of cribellate catch threads (catch wool, see spider web ). Radially radiating threads complement the catching tissue (Bellmann, 1997). Filistata's disc-shaped catching carpet can reach the size of a palm. The white shimmering cribellate threads hold back the prey and the spider shoots out of its living tube, in which it is almost exclusively. The female also guards her egg cocoon in this living tube (Sauer & Wunderlich, 1985). The animals of the genus Filistata can live up to ten years (Foelix, 1979; Sauer & Wunderlich, 1985).

distribution

Distribution map of the Filistatidae

The Filistatidae form a relatively small family of spiders with 18 genera and 126 species. Only the females of 21 species are known, and only the males of another 5 species. Many species are only known through a single taxonomic publication. One reason for the low level of knowledge about this spider family could be their hidden way of life in mountain regions that are difficult to access. Because of their inconspicuous coloration and habitus that is difficult to distinguish , many species can only be clearly identified by examining their genital apparatus. Pholcoides afghana was only transferred from the Pholcidae family to the Filistatidae family in 2009 .

The main focus of the family is in the tropics and subtropics of the old world . These include southern Europe as well as Asia Minor and Central Asia , China , Australia and Oceania and parts of Africa . In the north the distribution area extends up to the 47th parallel .

The genera Filistatinella and Kukulcania are native to North America and are often confused there with the "Brown recluse spider" ( Loxosceles reclusa ). The genus Filistatoides is found in South America .

According to Platnick (2005), Sahastata nigra is distributedfrom the Mediterranean to India ; while the other three species of the genus Sahastata are native to India and Yemen . According to Platnick (2005), Pritha nana has only been found in the Mediterranean area, but Maurer and Hänggi recorded it in Switzerland in 1990(Blick et al., 2004). Also Filistata insidiatrix and Pritha pallida have been found in the Mediterranean.

Systematics

The World Spider Catalog currently lists 18 genera and 126 species for the Filistatidae. (Status: February 2016)

Web links

Commons : Filistatidae  - collection of images, videos, and audio files

Filistatidae in the World Spider Catalog

literature

  • Heiko Bellmann: Cosmos Atlas Arachnids of Europe. Kosmos, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-440-07025-5 .
  • T. Blick, R. Bosmans, J. Buchar, P. Gajdoš, A. Hänggi, P. Van Helsdingen, V. Růžička, W. Starega, K. Thaler: Checklist of the spiders of Central Europe (Arachnida: Araneae). Version December 1, 2004 (PDF)
  • Rainer F. Foelix: Biology of the spiders. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-13-575801-X .
  • Stefan Heimer, Wolfgang Nentwig: Spinning Central Europe. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-489-53534-0 .
  • Stefan Heimer, Wolfgang Nentwig: Spiders of Central Europe - Family Keys. 1991. (araneae.unibe.ch)
  • BA Huber: Four new generic and 14 new specific synonymies in Pholcidae, and transfer of Pholcoides Roewer to Filistatidae (Araneae). In: Zootaxa. Volume 2009, 1970, pp. 64-68.
  • Frieder Sauer , Jörg Wunderlich: The most beautiful spiders in Europe . Fauna-Verlag, Karlsfeld 1985, ISBN 3-923010-03-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 17.0 - Amaurobiidae . Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  2. ↑ Sergei L. Zonstein, Yuri M. Marusik, Seppo Koponen: Redescription of three species of crevice weaver (Araneae) Described by CF Roewer from Afghanistan. In: Zootaxa. Volume 3745, No. 1, 2013, pp. 64-72. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa.3745.1.5
  3. ↑ a b BA Huber: Four new generic and 14 new specific synonymies in Pholcidae, and transfer of Pholcoides Roewer to Filistatidae (Araneae). In: Zootaxa. Volume 1970, 2009, pp. 64-68.