Liberty, equality, fraternity
The slogan Freedom , Equality , Fraternity ( French Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ) is the motto of today's French Republic and the Republic of Haiti . It is based on the slogans of the French Revolution in 1789.
history
French Revolution motto
The terms "freedom, equality and fraternity", which Fénelon associated with one another at the end of the 17th century, became very popular during the Enlightenment .
During the French Revolution "freedom, equality, fraternity" was one of the many slogans that were invoked. In a speech about the organization of the National Guard , Maximilien de Robespierre spoke out in December 1790 in favor of writing the words “The French people” and “Liberty, equality, brotherhood” on flags and uniforms; however, his plan was not accepted.
In 1793 Parisians began to write the following words on the facade of their houses: “Unity, indivisibility of the republic; Liberty, Equality, Fraternity or Death ”., Which residents of the other cities quickly imitated. However, they were soon asked to remove the last part of this label as it was too reminiscent of the reign of terror that guillotined tens of thousands .
19th century
Like many symbols of the revolution, this motto was forgotten under the Empire . It was picked up again during the February Revolution of 1848 and now received a religious component: the priests celebrated the Christ of brotherhood and blessed the trees of freedom that were planted at that time. When the constitution of 1848 was drawn up, the motto “freedom, equality, fraternity” became a “principle” of the republic.
The slogan was initially avoided by the Second Empire . Under Napoleon III. was Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité than 50 years after the French Revolution declared their watchword. However, there was still some resistance, even among the other supporters of the republic: "Solidarity" was sometimes preferred to "equality", which included a social leveling, while the Christian connotation of brotherhood did not meet with general approval. After it had been questioned several times, it prevailed after 1871 under the Third Republic . On the occasion of the celebrations on July 14, 1880, the motto reappeared on the gables of public buildings.
Fifth Republic
It was incorporated into the 1946 constitution and enshrined in the 1958 Constitution of the Fifth Republic . Today it is part of the national heritage of France and can be found on practically every French town hall and other public buildings, as well as on coins and postage stamps.
Variant freedom, equality, solidarity
The historical motto “Freedom, Equality, Fraternity” is now often replaced in Germany by “Freedom, Equality, Solidarity” or “Freedom, Justice, Solidarity”, for example in the SPD's basic program . The reason for this is that the term “solidarity”, unlike “brotherhood”, is gender neutral and includes women.
On an election poster of the Greens for the 2019 European elections , the slogan was changed to "Freedom, equality, sisterhood".
Naming
The Adam's ring of the planet Neptune has several bright segments. The three most noticeable arches were named Liberté, Égalité and Fraternité after their discovery in 1984/85 .
See also
literature
- Artur Greive : The emergence of the French revolutionary slogan Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité . In: German quarterly for literary studies and intellectual history . Volume 43, 1969, pp. 726-751.
Web links
- The motto of the French Republic ( Memento of October 18, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) - France's official website (German)
Remarks
- ↑ During the Revolution, only the terms Liberté (freedom) and Égalité (equality) were popular. For the connection between collective experiences and visual media cf. Martin Höppl (2010): Prints of the French Revolution. Art history, cultural anthropology and collective psyche. In: Helikon. A Multidisciplinary Online Journal, 1. 144-183. (PDF; 7.2 MB)
- ^ French: Unité, Indivisibilité de la République, Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité ou la mort
Individual evidence
- ^ Basic program of the SPD (PDF; 513 kB), short version of the basic program, adopted on October 28, 2007. Accessed on March 24, 2019.
- ↑ welt.de: "Just no celebrities" was once upon a time. Today Habeck is available on March 18, 2019, accessed on July 7, 2019.
- ↑ B. Sicardy, F. Roques, A. Brahic: Neptune's Rings, 1983-1989 Ground-Based Stellar Occultation Observations . In: Icarus . tape 89 , 1991, pp. 220 , doi : 10.1016 / 0019-1035 (91) 90175-S (English).