Frequentative
Frequentativ [um] or iterative [um] ( Latin verbum frequentativum or verbum iterativum ; from Latin frequentia "frequency" or from iterare "repeat") or repetitive - denotes the type of action of a verb that expresses a repetitive single event.
Verba frequentativa are v. a. found in ancient languages such as Latin and Ancient Greek . In Latin they can be recognized by the suffix -it . In German, one uses adverbs like “often” or verbal complexes like “care” + “zu” -infinitive to reproduce.
Examples from Latin:
- vent -it- are “often come” to ven-ire “come”, participle perfect passive vent-um
- fact -it- are “usually to do” to fac-ere “to do, do”, past participle passive fact-us .
There are frequentative or iterative verbs in German as well. These are often derived from the original verb with the suffix -eln or -ern , as are the diminutive verbs :
- bed eln ← "ask repeatedly"
- dräng Pedal ← "repeated urging"
- häk eln ← "repeat hook"
- kling eln ← "sound repeatedly"
- metz eln ← "repeatedly metz (= cut)"
- bulk Pedal ← "repeatedly pour"
- stich eln ← "stab repeatedly".
These formations correspond to the Old High German iterative and diminutive verbal stem formations with the l-suffix. Iterative verbs formed with other suffixes also appeared in large numbers in Old High German. Most of them have the suffix -azzen or -ezzen , which expresses a particularly intense nuance of iteration; z. B. gakkezzen (gack ren , schnatt ren ) roffezzen (burp), heilazzen (cure). Some of them have survived in regional dialects.
The Russian language can express the iterative by the suffix -ва- [-wa-], e.g. B .:
- говаривать [gowariwat '] "used to say".
In Spanish through the mold "volver a" plus infinitive reproduced:
- María volvió a empty el libro. "Maria read the book again."
literature
- Hadumod Bußmann : Lexicon of Linguistics (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 452). 2nd, completely revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-520-45202-2 .
- Helmut Glück : Metzler Lexicon Language . JB Metzler publishing house, Stuttgart / Weimar 1993.
Remarks
- ↑ Frequentatīvum . In: Universal Lexicon of the Present and Past . 4., reworked. and greatly increased edition, Volume 6: Europa – Gascogne , self-published, Altenburg 1858, p. 703 .
- ↑ Johann Christoph ennobling : massacre . In: Grammatical-Critical Dictionary of High German Dialect . 2nd Edition. Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf and Compagnie , Leipzig 1793 ( zeno.org ).
- ↑ In the old basic meaning of "pour" = "to move back and forth". pour. In: Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm (Hrsg.): German dictionary . tape 15 : Schiefeln – Soul - (IX). S. Hirzel, Leipzig 1899 ( woerterbuchnetz.de ).
- ^ Gerhard Köbler : Paperback of the old high German vocabulary . Verlag Schöningh, 1994, p. XLIX.
- ↑ In Bavarian such are z. B. kagetzen (hoarse to speak), eventually shred (on the ice slide to slifan grind), rofetzen (burp, burp), naffetzen (nod).