Yellow-necked woodpecker

Yellow-necked woodpecker
	Yellow-necked woodpecker ( Chrysophlegma flavinucha )
Systematics
Class :	Birds (aves)
Order :	Woodpecker birds (Piciformes)
Family :	Woodpeckers (Picidae)
Subfamily :	Real woodpeckers (Picinae)
Genre :	Chrysophlegm
Type :	Yellow-necked woodpecker
Scientific name
	Chrysophlegma flavinucha
	( Gould , 1834)

The Yellow-naped woodpecker ( Chrysophlegma flavinucha , Syn. : Picus flavinucha ) is a species of bird from the family of woodpeckers (Picidae). The medium-sized woodpecker species inhabits parts of South and Southeast Asia and inhabits a wide range of forest types from teak forest , open evergreen rainforest , deciduous forest and secondary forest to mixed and pine forests. The food sought in all layers of the forest, but especially on trunks and branches, consists primarily of ants, termites and large insect larvae such as those of longhorn beetles . Occasionally other invertebrates and small vertebrates such as frogs and nesting birds are also captured. These woodpeckers also eat berries and seeds.

The species is quite common in its area and the population is considered stable. The IUCN therefore classifies the yellow-naped woodpecker as safe (“least concern”).

description

Yellow-necked woodpeckers are medium-sized woodpeckers with a conspicuous, erect or upwardly curved hood, a stiff, long tail and a long, slightly chisel-shaped, pointed beak that is broad at the base. The beak ridge is curved downwards in variable thickness. The body length is about 33–34 cm, the weight 153–198 g, so they are about as big and heavy as a green woodpecker . The species shows a clear sexual dimorphism in terms of coloration , females are also somewhat less strongly built than males and have a shorter beak.

In males of the nominate form , the entire upper side including the upper tail-coverts, upper wing coverts and umbrella feathers is bright yellowish green, the upper wing coverts are somewhat darker than the rest of the upper side. The umbrella feathers occasionally show a red-brown banding on the inner flags . The wings are mostly dark green, towards the outer hand wings the color changes to blackish brown. All wings are broadly red-brown banded on the outside and inside flags. The top of the tail is blackish. The upper breast is olive black, the rest of the underside of the trunk including the under tail coverts is a solid greenish gray. The undersides of the wings are lightly banded on a brownish background. The lower tail is colored like the upper tail, the outer control feathers show a shade of green.

The forehead and top of the head are olive green, in the fresh plumage the feathers have red-brown tips. The tips of the feathers on the back of the head and on the back of the head are lengthened to form a bonnet and are bright golden yellow; this yellowing extends to the nape of the neck. The rein region and the ear covers are dark olive green, towards the back of the neck the head color becomes blacker. The beard , chin and upper throat are bright yellow, the feathers of the lower throat are blackish with white borders.

The beak is gray, the base is darker and the tip is lighter. Legs and toes are greenish gray or gray. The iris is brownish red or reddish, the eye ring is gray, greenish or blue-gray.

In the female, the beard, chin and upper throat are not yellow, but reddish brown.

Vocalizations

The most frequent calls are different variants of "keep" sounds, these can be two-syllable like "chup-chup" or "ke-eep" or loud and sometimes swinging like "ki-jaep" , "kjew" or "kjaa" and then often lined up. A particularly long and increasing series of calls is made by both couple partners and apparently serves as a district call. The species only drums irregularly, the drum rolls are quiet and fast.

distribution

This species of woodpecker inhabits large parts of South and Southeast Asia. The strongly disjoint distribution area extends in a west-east direction from the foothills of the Himalayas in the northern Indian regions of Garhwal and Kumaon to the southern Chinese provinces of Guangxi and Hainan and with an isolated occurrence as far as central Fujian . To the south, the area extends into the central southeast of India and further east to the south of Myanmar and Vietnam and then with small islands of distribution to the central Malay Peninsula and the southwest of Sumatra . The size of the total distribution area is estimated at 2.93 million km².

Systematics

The species is individually and geographically very variable in color, so numerous subspecies have been described. Winkler et al. recognize seven subspecies:

Chrysophlegma flavinucha flavinucha ( Gould , 1834) - Northern part of the range from northern India to northern Vietnam. The nominate form is described above. Variable and large subspecies; the size decreases clinically (fluently) from north to south. Subspecies with the lightest upper side, the most gold-colored hood and with the most extensive yellow throat coloration in males.
Chrysophlegm f. styani Ogilvie-Grant , 1899 -Hainan. The hood is pale yellow, the reddish wing bands extend to the wing tips.

Chrysophlegm f. ricketti Styan , 1898 - From the Tonkin region in northern Vietnam to the east to Fujian. Very similar to the previous subspecies, but wings a little longer and beak a little darker, the reddish wing bands are stronger.

Chrysophlegm f. pierrei Oustalet , 1889 - southeast of Thailand to the southern tip of Vietnam. Upper side slightly more yellow than in the two previous subspecies and reddish wing bandages less strong.

Chrysophlegm f. mystacale Salvadori , 1879 - Northwest Sumatra. Chest deeper dark green, wing band reduced, lower throat without black and white markings.

Chrysophlegm f. korinchi Chasen , 1940 - Southwest Sumatra. Very similar to the previous subspecies, but upper side darker green, belly lighter, wing bands more dull and more brown.

Chrysophlegm f. wrayi Sharpe , 1888 - Mountainous Country of Malaysia . Similar to C. f. pierrei , but smaller and generally darker, beard stripe in the male more bright yellow, upper throat yellowish or reddish yellow.

habitat

Yellow-necked woodpeckers inhabit a wide range of forest types from teak forest , open evergreen rainforest , deciduous forest and secondary forest to mixed and pine forests. On the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, the species is restricted to the hills and mountains at altitudes above 800 m (Sumatra) or between 900 and 2000 m (Malaysia). In the rest of Southeast Asia and India, the species occurs from the lowlands up to an altitude of 2750 m, in Nepal it is most common at altitudes between 300 and 1500 m.

Lifestyle and diet

Yellow-necked woodpeckers are found in pairs or in small family groups and often join mixed flocks of birds. They are shy and constantly on the move, they move quickly on thin branches and also sit across them. Food is only sought in exceptional cases on the ground, but otherwise in all layers of the forest and especially on trunks and branches of both small and large trees. It consists primarily of ants, termites, and large insect larvae such as longhorn beetles . Occasionally other invertebrates and small vertebrates such as frogs and nesting birds are also captured. These woodpeckers also eat berries and seeds. Food objects are obtained almost exclusively by probing, reading or removing leaf litter and the like; Chopping and hammering are observed very rarely.

Reproduction

The breeding season varies depending on the area of distribution, in India it extends from March to June, in Thailand and Malaysia probably from January to April and in Sumatra from April to May. The caves are usually created in trees at heights of 3 to 6 m, rarely up to 15 m. The clutches include three to four eggs. Both partners breed and feed the young birds, which stay with their parents for some time after they have fled.

Existence and endangerment

Information on the size of the world population is not available. The species is quite common in its area and the population is considered stable. The IUCN therefore classifies the yellow-naped woodpecker as safe (“least concern”).

swell

Individual evidence

↑ The Yellow-necked Woodpecker at BirdLife International (Online, accessed January 18, 2011)
↑ Hans Winkler, David A. Christie and David Nurney: Woodpeckers. A Guide to the Woodpeckers, Piculets, and Wrynecks of the World. Pica Press, Robertsbridge 1995: p. 359

literature

Hans Winkler , David A. Christie and David Nurney: Woodpeckers. A Guide to the Woodpeckers, Piculets, and Wrynecks of the World. Pica Press, Robertsbridge 1995, ISBN 0-395-72043-5 , pp. 144-145 and 358-360.

Web links

Chrysophlegma flavinucha in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2010. Posted by: BirdLife International, 2009. Accessed January 18, 2011th