History of the Jews in Bad Münder
The history of the Jews in Bad Münder begins around 1700 when protective Jews were first mentioned in a document. The Jewish cemetery of the community is documented for the first time in 1782; from 1835 there was a synagogue . Both are today the last structural evidence of Jewish life in Bad Münder. In the 19th century around 50 people of Jewish faith lived in the village. In the 20th century, their number fell, in the 1930s at the time of National Socialism to less than 10 people. At least 18 people who were born or lived in Bad Münder became victims of the Holocaust .
history
Around 1700, in documents that are kept in the Lower Saxony State Archives in Hanover, protective Jews in Bad Münder can be identified. The city wanted to make them subject to local jurisdiction , even though they were directly subordinate to the sovereign with letters of protection . The Jewish community's cemetery in Bad Münder is documented for the first time in 1782. In 1785 a protective Jew received permission to buy a house in the village. At that time, this group of people without civil rights was not allowed to acquire any land and was only allowed to exercise limited professions.
In 1824 there were 55 Jews in eight families in Bad Münder. In 1835 the Jewish community received official permission to purchase a building for worship and school lessons. The legal position of the Jews improved above all through the Hanoverian law on the legal relations of the Jews of 1842, which was based on the liberal Jewish legislation in Prussia with the Prussian Jewish edict of 1812 . In the 19th century, the Jews in Münder made their living by trading cattle, grain and leather goods and as butchers and plumbers .
time of the nationalsocialism
After the seizure of power of the Nazis on 30 January 1933 took place in Bad mouths, as in many other places in Germany, on 1 April 1933 so-called Jewish boycott . Stood by SA -Angehörige front of Jewish shops and did not enter customers. According to an official inventory, nine Jews lived in Bad Münder in 1935. In addition, two so-called Jewish descendants were registered in the village in 1938 . From 1938 onwards, Jewish children were no longer allowed to attend German schools. Due to the ordinance on the use of Jewish assets , a Jew sold his house in Bad Münder in 1938, the Jewish community sold their synagogue and part of their cemetery and in 1941 also the remains of the cemetery.
During the November pogroms of 1938 , SS and SA men ravaged the synagogue by smashing the inventory and the windows. The only reason the house was not set on fire was that the non-Jewish residents present in the house refused to leave it. After the pogrom three Jewish men from Bad mouths were temporarily in the Buchenwald concentration camp in protective custody taken.
Deportations of Jewish citizens from Bad Münder took place in 1942 through three transports. They were organized by the district administrator of the Springe district and the mayor of Bad Münder on behalf of the Hanover Gestapo . At the end of March 1942 a married couple and in July 1942 a family with one child and two sisters over 65 were deported. They came to the assembly camp of the Israelite Horticultural School in Ahlem , from where they were transported to the east and murdered in extermination camps . A total of 18 people who lived or were born in Bad Münder were affected by deportation. Nobody returned to Bad Münder alive.
Places of remembrance
synagogue
From 1785 the Jewish community held their services in a house that was dilapidated. In 1835 she acquired the Friesesche Bürgerhaus , a half-timbered house on Deisterallee, and set up a synagogue in it . The worship room was a high room with arched windows, a blue starry sky on the ceiling and a mikveh .
Although there were complaints about the lack of synagogue attendance in 1864, the building was expanded with the establishment of a school in the 1870s at considerable financial expense for the community. The single-storey porch with living space for Jewish families was probably created. During the November pogrom of 1938 the synagogue in Bad Münder was devastated. In December 1938 the Jewish community sold the synagogue building to a citizen from Bad Münder. According to the order of the Hanoverian District President Rudolf Diels , the sales proceeds were to be used for the needy Jewish people in Bad Münder. Among other things, the financial support of a Jewish couple has become known.
After the former synagogue building had served as a warehouse for a long time, it was converted into a two-story residential building in 1965. The arched windows and the blue starry sky were removed. The remaining cult objects such as prayer books and a chandelier were destroyed. In 1988 the city of Bad Münder put a memorial plaque on the building and renewed it in 2014 with a detailed information board.
Jewish Cemetery
Like the synagogue, the Jewish cemetery in Bad Münder was laid out on Deisterallee outside the city. It is first attested in 1782 and originally had a size of almost 2500 m², of which only a smaller part was used as a burial place. In 1939 he had a collection of 32 single and 7 double graves. After the November pogrom of 1938, the Jewish community sold the unoccupied part of the cemetery. In 1941, the part occupied by graves was also given to a citizen from Bad Münder. He cleared the tombstones and planted potatoes on the site. After the Second World War , the Lower Saxony State Association of Jewish Communities received part of the former cemetery grounds back and had it restored in 1961. 28 of the remaining tombstones were put up again without their original locations being known. Since 2014 there has been an information board for the city of Bad Münder in front of the cemetery, the text of which was written by the historian Bernhard Gelderblom .
Place of deportation
In 1942 the Jewish citizens were deported by three transports. They took place with the removal of other Jews from the Springe district under the eyes of the population. The collection was made by truck, which stopped at the extinguishing water pond in the center of the village. In 2014 the city of Bad Münder had an information board set up there.
Stumbling blocks
In September 2015 the artist Gunter Demnig laid stumbling blocks in Bad Münder at the last freely chosen places of residence of the arrested, deported and murdered Jewish citizens. There have been plans for this since 2011.
Stumbling blocks for Frieda and Henny Hammerschlag
Stumbling block for Helene Ney
The house at Obertorstrasse 5
Stumbling blocks in front of the house at Obertorstraße 5 for Eugen and Hedwig Chana Herze as well as Hermann, Sophie and Ingrid Friedheim
literature
- Siegfried Krinke: The Jewish population in the city of Bad Münder. In: Gerd Kastendieck (ed.): Der Söltjer. Forays through Bad Münder and the surrounding area. Bad Münder 1977, pp. 35-40.
Web links
- Bernhard Gelderblom : The Jewish community Bad Münder with Schmarrie and Hachmühlen - The names of the victims (private website)
- Bernhard Gelderblom: The Bad Münder Synagogue (private website)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Briefly on this Anke Quast: After the liberation. Jewish communities in Lower Saxony since 1945. The example of Hanover (= publications of the working group History of Lower Saxony (after 1945). Vol. 17). Wallstein, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-89244-447-1 , p. 39 ; in detail Abraham Löb: The legal situation of the Jews in the former kingdom and the current province of Hanover. Kauffmann, Frankfurt am Main 1908 (also dissertation, University of Göttingen; digitized ).
- ↑ Bowing to the victims / action artist Gunter Demnig laying the first stumbling blocks. In: Dewezet of September 24, 2015.
- ^ "Stumbling blocks" also in Bad Münder. In: Line jump from June 29, 2011.