Smoothing technique
Smoothing technique is a type of surface layer design with plaster or filler . The historical technique is mainly used by plasterers and painters when a very smooth wall or ceiling surface is to be achieved.
Until the development of synthetic resin dispersion leveling compounds in the post-war period, the smoothing technique was largely carried out as a lime press technique.
technology
Smoothing plasters can be found in various shapes:
- On the one hand, for exterior and raw plasters, where the smoothed and thus hardened surface increases the durability of the plaster
- as a method of structuring the surface that results in a uniform and yet lively image
- as a method for creating flat, shiny surfaces, with an independent effect or as a painting surface
The plaster is smoothed and tightened (i.e. not freshly thrown on, but already set somewhat), but still plastic, without releasing the mixing water under pressure or detaching itself from the substrate. The timing is important, too early smoothing will leave streaks, too late will form “nests” (areas that cannot be smoothed). Re-wetting and wetting of water should be avoided.
Use special trowels , - filling and trowell that are more elastic than the standard tools ( trowel , Metalltraufel, stucco trowel and the like).
The surface pressure binds the binding agent and aggregate more intimately, cavities are pressed shut, and the structure of the plaster is sorted, the aggregate interlocks better, and the coarser grain is worked in depth, while the finest parts collect on the surface. This means that the plaster layer remains elastic in the depth, harder in the edge area and smooth on the surface. In addition, smoothing techniques also prevent shrinkage cracks (fine hairline cracks in the course of setting can also be pressed in). In this way, fine plasters similar to leveling compounds can be processed in greater layer thicknesses without cracking. It is even possible to smooth the fine plaster layer directly onto the still fresh coarse plaster and thus build up a very smooth wall in one layer, e.g. for painting grounds using the fresco technique.
For a homogeneous smooth plaster, a careful work process is required, and special setting and pushing techniques for old plasters, on scaffolding and against masonry elements, so that smooth plasters (Giornaten) similar to frescoes can be found, or work is labor-intensive with several cleaners, the hand connect in hand.
Additions of cement , gypsum , but also dispersion - or acrylic binders are for Glätttechniken in lime possible, they are also in the clay plaster as well as in gypsum stucco , and even free-form concrete applicable. The most common method for interior plasters is the lime smoothing technique, which is made with fine lime and a small amount of marble powder .
Historical development and special forms
This technique was already used in antiquity , and smooth plasters are among the oldest preserved plasters, especially medieval exterior plasters. Smoothing plasters can be found in representative architecture as well as in rural construction or other functional architecture.
It was considered the highest technical perfection in wall design when the surface was glossy and additionally structured. One of the most common processing methods still used today is the Venetian spatula technique Spatolato Veneziano and Stucco Veneziano , which are widespread in southern Europe . In order to achieve these structural effects, colored filler material is applied in several layers until the typical and desired surface structure is achieved. By evenly compacting and polishing the materials, an optical effect is created that allows greater transparency with gloss and light reflections to be achieved, and is intended to make rooms appear more open and larger.
Smoothing techniques can also be found in marble imitation , for example in artificial marble (Scagliola) and stucco marble (Stucco lustro), as well as in free-form stucco work, for shiny lights, flesh and other effects.
With the introduction of synthetic resin dispersion leveling compounds in the 1950s, the smoothing technique was temporarily revived. However, since this technique involves a lot of labor and time, it has been replaced by materials that require less labor.
The church painter Johannes Klinger developed new methods on behalf of a paint and varnish manufacturer, in which effective surface designs could be combined in a relatively short time.
The most common use of the smoothing technique is currently through the processing of natural material made from a mixture of limestone and marble fragments or flour. It is mainly used in modern architecture where extremely aesthetic aspects are required. These techniques, based on calcium hydroxide , also have a mold and bacteria-inhibiting effect and regulate room humidity. The surface achieved after the additional sanding is optically and when touched the marble and is therefore also called marble plaster .
With the help of today's automatic mixing systems, the tedious process of traditional but time-consuming color mixing is no longer necessary . The application methodology developed by Klinger changed the order of the tools used and thereby simplified the way of working. Among other things, the artistic technique of the painter Max Ernst took over the Decalcomanie and introduced it to the smoothing technique. Here, paper is coated with a paint and pressed onto a surface . In this way, prints with different structures are created. Klinger's developed contact technique is therefore very versatile and can be used on both large and small surfaces.
Overview of application methods
- Spatolato Veneziano , a traditional smoothing technique
- Stucco Veneziano , a traditional smoothing technique
- Frattazatto , a very even, slightly rough plaster layer, as the surfaces wererubbedwith a sponge board while they were still wet
- Stucco lustro (also marmorino ), consists of lime plaster with air lime and white or colored marble sands and pigments
- Imitation method , a modern smoothing technique developed by John Klinger
- Sprenkelmethode , a modern smoothing technique developed by John Klinger
See also
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Peter Vierl: Plaster and Stucco: Manufacture, Restore . Callwey, Munich 1984, ISBN 3-7667-0717-5 .
- ↑ Johannes Klinger: Innovative wall painting: modern Mediterranean ethno country house minimal. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2002, ISBN 3-421-03397-8 .