Hans Carl von Carlowitz

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Portrait of Hans Carl von Carlowitz

Hans Carl von Carlowitz , actually Johann "Hannß" Carl von Carlowitz , (* December 14th July / December 24th 1645 greg. In Oberrabenstein ; † March 3, 1714 in Freiberg ) was a German camerawoman , royal-Polish and electoral Saxon chamber and mountain ridge as well as chief miner of the Ore Mountains . With the Sylvicultura oeconomica, or haußwirthliche message and natural instruction for wild tree breeding (1713), he wrote the first complete work on forestry and is considered to be an essential creator of the forestry concept of sustainability .

Life

Memorial plaque in Freiberg
Notice board at the Carlowitzhaus in Freiberg

Hans Carl von Carlowitz was born as the second eldest son (of a total of 16 children) into the fourth generation of the Carlowitzens who lived at Rabenstein Castle . His father was the chief forest master Georg Carl von Carlowitz from Saxony . From 1659 Hans attended the Evangelical Lutheran City High School in Halle, which was strongly influenced by the spirit of humanism at the time. The Von Carlowitz family was part of the Saxon nobility and has been managing forests in the Saxon Ore Mountains for several generations .

Von Carlowitz studied law and political science at the University of Jena in 1664/1665 , learned foreign languages ​​and devoted himself to scientific and mining studies. During his cavalier tour from 1665 to 1669 he saw the Great Fire of London and had to spend a short time in a London prison through no fault of his own, as the investigators assumed that foreign agents had been arson. Von Carlowitz traveled on all over Europe; u. a. he visited France, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Italy and Malta. On his trip, Carlowitz learned that wood was a scarce raw material in 17th century Europe. The book Sylva by John Evelyn had just appeared in London ; In 1669, King Louis XIV issued a modern forest law in France . Von Carlowitz later resorted to the experiences and knowledge of his cavalier tour in his Sylvicultura oeconomica .

1677 he was appointed Vice-Saxon mining administrator appointed and worked since then in Freiberg.

In 1711 he was appointed chief miner of the Ore Mountains. As head of the Freiberg Mining Authority, he was responsible , among other things, for the supply of wood to mining and metallurgy in Saxony . The immense need for wood as building material and fuel underground and for smelting made a planned, sustainable management of this resource necessary.

One year after the publication of his important work Sylvicultura oeconomica , von Carlowitz died on March 3, 1714 in Freiberg and was buried ten days later in the family grave in the town church of St. Petri .

family

In 1675 Hans Carl von Carlowitz married Ursula Margaretha von Bose, the eldest daughter of Christoph Dietrich von Bose . The family moved to Freiberg in 1690 after their inherited property in Arnsdorf burned down after a lightning strike. (The house at Freiberger Obermarkt 10 still exists today).

Three daughters survived from this marriage:

  • Ursula († June 2, 1746)
  • Charlotte Marie († March 22, 1734) ⚭ Georg Wolf I. von Tümpling (* May 2, 1672; † December 1, 1732) (parents of Georg Wolf von Tümpling )
  • Johanne Magdalene († February 24, 1729) ⚭ 1715 Ludwig Gustav von Carlowitz (* 1678; † May 10, 1730) in Liebenau, lieutenant colonel

Since he could not bequeath the Arnsdorf estate to his daughters as a man's fief, he sold it to them, which was possible under Saxon law. So these could be enfeoffed on December 18, 1710. Johanne Magdalene sold her share to her sisters in 1727. After the death of Charlotte Marie, her half fell to the Tümplings, who also inherited the rest of Arnsdorf after the death of Ursula.

meaning

Title page of Sylvicultura oeconomica, or haußwirthliche message and natural instruction for wild tree cultivation from 1713
Quote “sustainable use” on page 105 of the Sylvicultura Oeconomica, or Haußwirthliche message and natural instruction for wild tree breeding from 1713

Carlowitz gained importance as the author of the first independent work on forestry, Sylvicultura oeconomica , or haußwirthliche message and natural instruction for wild tree cultivation (1713). In his work he summarized the forest knowledge of his time, which was reduced during the Thirty Years War , expanded it through his own experience and for the first time formulated the principle of forestry sustainability :

"Will the greatest art / science / diligence / and establishment of local countries be based in it / like a sothane conservation and cultivation of the wood / that there will be a continuous, permanent and sustainable use / because it is an indispensable thing / without which the land in its sophistication [in the sense of being existence d. Ed.] May not stay. ”(Pp. 105–106 in the“ Sylvicultura Oeconomica ”).

Von Carlowitz wrote his book at a time of energy crisis. The ore mines and smelters in the Ore Mountains (then one of the largest mining areas in Europe) had to be supplied with a lot of wood as an energy source. In addition, the population and urban growth contributed strongly to the “wood shortage”. Regulated silviculture as well as laws, ecological standards or certifications for afforestation did not exist.

Von Carlowitz demanded that nature and its raw materials be treated with respect and "care" and criticized the overexploitation of the forests, which was designed for short-term profit . Although the word "sustainable" occurs only once in his 432-page book, von Carlowitz is considered to be the creator of the term "sustainability".

The full title of the work reads: "Sylvicultura Oeconomica, or haußwirthliche message and natural instruction for wild tree cultivation, together with a thorough description of how divine Benedeyen promotes the general and generally tearing Great Holtz shortage, by means of sowing, planting and moving many hands To prospect trees, also by approaching and growing again what is so good and growing rapidly, as other vigorous and useful wood, quite desolate and aborted woodland, places and places in turn to make wood kingdom, useful and usable; First of all to collect from Saam-trees and like the wild tree-seeds, to prepare the ground for sowing, to bring about such seeds, also to observe the young approach and regrowth. In addition to this, the so-called living, or lump-to-top and bottom wood, to be raised and increased, which are added by the types of tang and leaf wood, their properties and what kind of seeds the said wood carries, also how one carries with strange tree plants to behave, furthermore to chop wood, to char, to ash and otherwise to use it. Everything for the necessary supply of the Hauß-Bau-Brau-Berg- and Schmeltz-essence, and like a perpetual use of the Holtz, country and people, also to every house landlord for inestimable large receptions, to attain and to introduce worbey at the same time a thorough message from those in Churfl. Saxon. Landing Turff found whose natural condition, great use, use and useful charring Described for the love of promoting the general best "

Hans Carl von Carlowitz Prize

For outstanding achievements in the field of environmental research at the Technical University (TU) Bergakademie Freiberg , the association of practice partners of the local Interdisciplinary Ecological Center (IÖZ) donated the Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Prize, which has been awarded since 2003. The prize is intended to recognize outstanding work by students and young scientists as well as the work of Hans Carl von Carlowitz.

Award winners
  • 2003 - Myra Sequeira and Peter-Frederik Brenner
  • 2004 - Sophia Schröter and Franziska Müller-Langer
  • 2005 - Katja Bunzel
  • 2006 - Beate Böhme
  • 2007 - Katja Klemm
  • 2008 - Pierre Schmieder and Katja Heinke
  • 2009 - Annekatrin Schmukat
  • 2010 - Tatsiana Piliptsevich
  • 2011 - Marc Lüpfert
  • 2012 - Susan Ehinger
  • 2013 - Lisa Bittner
  • 2015 - Cindy Klink
  • 2016 - Sophie von Fromm
  • 2017 - Julia Becher

Works

literature

  • Saxon Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Gesellschaft: People create sustainability. Carlowitz thinking further , oekom Verlag, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-86581-700-6
  • Saxon Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Gesellschaft: The Invention of Sustainability - Life, Work and Impact of Hans Carl von Carlowitz , oekom Verlag, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-86581-415-9
  • Christof Mauch: Man and the environment. Sustainability from a historical perspective , Carl von Carlowitz series Volume 3, oekom verlag, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-86581-473-9
  • Carlo Jaeger: Growth - where to? A Brief History of the 21st Century , Carl von Carlowitz Series Volume 2, oekom verlag, Munich 2011, ISBN 978-3-86581-277-3
  • Wolfgang Haber: The inconvenient truths of ecology. A Sustainability Perspective for the 21st Century , Carl von Carlowitz Series Volume 1, oekom Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-86581-217-9
  • Karl Hasel , Ekkehard Schwartz : Forest history. A floor plan for study and practice . Kessel, Remagen 2002, ISBN 3-935638-26-4
  • von Zedlitz: The first forest book and its author , in: Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift , 7th year, issue 39/1952
  • P. Mathe: The birth of "sustainability" by Hans Carl von Carlowitz - today a requirement of the global economy , in: Forst und Holz , 56th year, issue 7/2001, pp. 246–248, ISSN  0932-9315
  • Ulrich Grober : Hans Carl von Carlowitz. A Freiberg chief miner coined the term sustainability in 1713 , in: Mitteilungen des Freiberger Altertumsverein , 87th issue, 2001, pp. 13–31
  • Richard Hess:  Carlowitz, Hans Carl von . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1876, p. 791 f.
  • Albert Richter :  Carlowitz, Hans Carl von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, ISBN 3-428-00184-2 , p. 147 f. ( Digitized version ).

Web links

Commons : Hans Carl von Carlowitz  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Hans Carl von Carlowitz  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ according to judge in the NDB; according to Hess in the ADB on December 25, 1645
  2. ↑ The inventor of sustainability on www.zeit.de.
  3. ↑ Grober 2001: p. 18.
  4. ↑ Ulrich Grober: Urtexte - Carlowitz and the sources of our concept of sustainability . In: Nature and Landscape . 88th year 2013, No. 2 . Kohlhammer, 2013, p. 47 .
  5. ↑ Grober 2001: p. 19.
  6. ↑ Grober 2001: p. 20.
  7. ↑ Wolf Otto von Tümpling, Schöning, Geschichtliche Nachrichten über die von Tümplingsche Familie , S. 87ff, digitized version (Georg Wolf I.)
  8. ^ Johann Samuelersch, Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste , Vol. 21-22, p. 13, digitized
  9. ^ Information on the Carlowitz Prize , TU Freiberg; accessed on April 24, 2018.
personal data
SURNAME Carlowitz, Hans Carl von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Carlowitz, Hannß Carl von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German camera operator and chief miner
DATE OF BIRTH December 24, 1645
PLACE OF BIRTH Oberrabenstein
DATE OF DEATH March 3, 1714
Place of death Freiberg , Saxony