Saxon Mining Authority

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The Saxon Mining Authority in Freiberger Kirchgasse

The Saxon Mining Authority is the executive authority for mining law in Saxony . It is subordinate to the Saxon State Ministry for Economics, Labor and Transport .

history

prehistory

Starting with the silver finds in 1168, Freiberg developed into the center of the Erzgebirge and Saxon ore mining. The older Freiberg mining law was probably first recorded in writing around the year 1300. However, it was of no significance for the further development of mining law. Decisive for this was the Younger Freiberg Mining Law , which was written between 1346 and 1375 and is based on the Iglauer Bergrecht. A mining authority with a miner was mentioned for the first time in a document from Margrave Wilhelm I in 1402. From 1470 on, abundant silver finds in the Ore Mountains ( Schneeberg , Annaberg-Buchholz , Marienberg ) evoked a new, second mountain cry . Mining expanded rapidly and in the course of this development, the gradual establishment of a uniform mining administration for Albertine Saxony began at the beginning of the 16th century. The Annaberger Bergordnung (Bergordnung), issued by Georg the Bearded in 1509, supplemented the Freiberg mining law and replaced it in part and constituted a decisive basis for Central European mining law well into the 19th century.

Formation in the middle of the 16th century

The mention of July 1, 1542 as the "founding date of the Oberbergamt", which is still repeated in the literature today, is based on an error. The allegedly first chief miner mentioned in this connection, " Wolf von Schönberg auf Neue Sorge", was actually the councilor appointed according to the coin order of July 1, 1542 to be one of the overseers about the observance of this order in the so-called mountainous district Duke Moritz '. Wolf von Schönberg's title "Oberhauptmann" referred only to the activity he carried out as an administrator of the Schönburg dominions of Glauchau and Waldenburg.

The Oberbergamt (which has only been called this since the middle of the 17th century) gradually developed in a lengthy historical process from the middle of the 16th century. This process began with the installation of a cross-state (initially ducal, electoral Saxon since 1547) mining administration under Duke Moritz with the appointment of Simon Bogner to Bergvoigt and Hans Röhling to be the mines administration administrator for "Bill Matthei" (21 Sept.) 1545. This installation process took place with the appointment of Hans Röhling's son Markus Röhling as chief miner for the Albertine Electorate of Saxony in 1554. Lorenz von Schönberg , who was appointed miner in 1577 , and Christoph von Schönberg , who was appointed miner in 1588, were the first functional predecessors of the chief miners in the 17th century .

According to the chancellery rules passed by Elector Moritz on August 5, 1547, five districts were created, each headed by a captain. Heinrich von Gersdorf was the first captain of the mountainous district . Since the most important mining towns in Electoral Saxony and their territories were located in this district, he was also responsible for mining - in addition to the various general administrative tasks he had to perform, those for providing military security and finance. Therefore, both the officials of the Electoral Saxon offices and the mentioned functionaries of the middle mining administration were subordinate to him. The chiefs of the mountainous district were not the function predecessors of the later chief miners (Oberberghauptmann / Berghauptmann) - they acted as heads of a special or specialist authority , the Oberbergamt - but rather the first representatives of sovereign administrative units, who were hierarchically between the newly founded Councilor and the offices were assigned. The function of the district chiefs (later referred to as that ) continued well into the 18th century even after the electoral Saxon chief mining authority had been completely expanded (with a chief miner at the head of this specialist authority ).

End of the 16th century until dissolution in 1868

Star vault on the ground floor of the Saxon Mining Authority

Until 1869, the Oberbergamt took over the economic and technical management of all mines on the basis of the Bergregal in the context of the management principle and in the sense of profit maximization for the Saxon electors and kings. This was accompanied by the establishment of a geological service (later the department for geognostic state research). Time and again, the Oberbergamt or the chief miners also set significant scientific standards. This is how the chief miner Hans Carl von Carlowitz coined the term sustainability in 1713 . A few decades later, Chief Mining Officer Friedrich Wilhelm von Oppel and General Mining Commissioner Friedrich Anton von Heynitz played a key role in founding the Freiberg Mining Academy.

Seal of the Mining Authority (approx. 1880)

In the course of industrialization and liberalization , the principle of management was replaced by the General Mining Act for the Kingdom of Saxony of June 16, 1868, which came into force on January 3, 1869 at the beginning of the next mining accounting year. The mountain shelf was replaced by the mountain freedom for ores and the state reservation for salts. Organizationally followed the Directorate principle the inspection principle , which limited the supervision of the mining authorities largely on security issues. With another law of December 1, 1868, the previous Oberbergamt and the mining offices of Freiberg, Marienberg and Schwarzenberg were dissolved and converted into a Saxon mining office in Freiberg . Bergmeister was then responsible in the regions.

On April 1, 1943, the Saxon Mining Authority was combined with the other German Mining Authority to form the central Reich Mining Authority. This ended its 400-year history as a state mining authority for the time being.

Reinstatement in 1923 until dissolution in 1946

The Saxon mining authorities were also restructured through the General Mining Act of August 9, 1923. The (state) mining authority Freiberg became the mining authority again and the previous mining inspections in Dresden, Leipzig, Stollberg and Zwickau became mining authorities. As an intermediate authority, the Oberbergamt was initially subordinate to the Saxon Ministry of Finance, from 1935 to the Saxon Ministry of Economics and from 1940 to the Reich Ministry of Economics . After the annexation of the Sudetenland in 1939, the Bohemian mining offices of Brüx ( Most ), Teplitz ( Teplice ), Komotau ( Chomutov ) and Karlsbad ( Karlovy Vary ) were subordinated to the Saxon Upper Mining Authority. In 1943 the Thuringian district of Altenburg was added.

In August 1945 the Saxon State Administration reinstated the Upper Mining Office with the subordinate mining offices of Dresden, Leipzig, Stollberg, Zwickau and Görlitz. But these only lasted for a short time. With order number 323 of November 20, 1946, the Soviet military administration ordered the dissolution of the Upper Mining Office on December 1, 1946 after the mining offices had already been renamed Technical Mining Inspections in July 1946. A transfer point remained in Freiberg for processing. The tasks went u. a. to the Mining Inspections and the Coal Industry Directorate. With the administrative reform of 1952 , the existence of the state of Saxony ended and the remaining tasks were divided between the districts.

Established in 1991

After reunification , a Saxon mining authority was set up again in 1991, which is responsible for occupational safety, health protection, environmental protection and raw material security in the Saxon mining industry. In 2013, the Oberbergamt supervised 231 extraction companies with funding (including 227 stone and earth mining companies and the four Saxon open- cast lignite mines Nochten , Reichwalde , United Schleenhain and Profen ) and 95 extraction companies without funding as well as more than 95 rehabilitation companies and facilities (including the investments of bismuth uranium mining ). Another focus is the rehabilitation of historical old mining facilities , in particular old water solution tunnels such as the Rothschönberger tunnel and the Marx-Semler tunnel .

Field Office

The office , which was re-established in December 1991, is based in Freiberg , where it is based on a long tradition and is also associated with the Bergakademie Freiberg . Originally the mining office was based at Freudenstein Castle . In 1679 it was moved to the Schönlebe family's free house in Kirchgasse 11. The late Gothic building, built around 1500, was increased by one floor in the 19th century. It has remarkable star vaults and net vaults on the ground floor and first floor . The Oberhüttenamt, founded in 1555, was located in the neighboring house at Kirchgasse 13 from 1679 to 1859.

Miners

Among the Saxon mountain captains were such important personalities as Abraham von Schönberg , Hans Carl von Carlowitz , Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich von Trebra , Sigismund August Wolfgang von Herder and Johann Carl Freiesleben .

See also

literature

  • Hubert Ermisch : The Saxon mining law of the Middle Ages. Leipzig 1887.
  • Friedrich Wernicke (Ed.): 400 years of the Freiberg Mining Authority 1542–1942. Berlin 1942.
  • Walter Fischer: 400 years of the Saxon Mining Authority Freiberg (1542–1942). The importance of this service for the development of geology and reservoir science. In: Journal of the German Geological Society 95, 1943, pp. 143-183.
  • Otfried Wagenbreth , Eberhard Wächtler : Mining in the Ore Mountains. Technical monuments and history , Verlag für Grundstofftindustrie, Leipzig 1990. ISBN 3-342-00509-2
  • Herbert Kaden : The mining administration of Albertine Saxony under Duke / Elector Moritz between 1542 and 1548. In: Mitteilungen des Freiberger Altertumsverein 72, 1992, pp. 36–46.
  • Sächsisches Oberbergamt (Ed.): 450 years of the Saxon Oberbergamt Freiberg. Freiberg 1993.
  • Herbert Kaden: Freiberg's mining administration in the first half of the 16th century. In: Communications of the Freiberger Altertumsverein 78, 1997, pp. 25–31.
  • Andreas Erb: The holdings of the Saxon mountain archive Freiberg . In: Publications of the Saxon Archive Administration . A4, 2003, ISBN 3-89812-216-6 .
  • Herbert Kaden: The beginning of the development of a middle mining administration in Albertine Saxony around the middle of the 16th century. In: Mitteilungen des Freiberger Altertumsverein 93, 2003, pp. 23–83.
  • Reinhard Schmidt : The Saxon mining authorities. In: World of Mining, No. 58, 2006, pp. 51-52.

Web links

Commons : Sächsisches Oberbergamt  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Codex diplomaticus saxoniae regiae
  2. ^ Hermann Löscher , Herbert Luksch: The former Oberbergamt zu Freiberg and its archive . In: Archive messages . 1957/2, pp. 69-71
  3. ↑ a b c Herbert Kaden: The beginning of the development of a middle mountain administration in Albertine Saxony around the middle of the 16th century . In: Mitteilungen des Freiberg Altertumsverein 93/2003, pp. 23–83, here v. a. Pp. 28–32 (At the same time academic thesis at the History Department of the Humboldt University Berlin 1992/93)
  4. ↑ Law and Ordinance Gazette for the Kingdom of Saxony. 14th piece from 1868 . No. 96. Ordinance concerning the enactment of a General Mining Act; of June 16, 1868. In: Law and Ordinance Gazette for the Kingdom of Saxony from 1868. First section, containing: 1st to 20th items. (No. 1 to 129. Pages 1 to 756) . Dresden, S. 351-428 ( digitized [accessed May 17, 2015]).
  5. ↑ Law and Ordinance Gazette for the Kingdom of Saxony. 31st piece from 1868 . No. 173. Announcement concerning the abolition of the Oberbergamt and the Bergämter zu Freiberg, Marienberg and Schwarzenberg, as well as the establishment of a Bergamt zu Freiberg; of December 1, 1868. In: Law and Ordinance Gazette for the Kingdom of Saxony from 1868. Second section, containing: 21st to 34th items. (No. 130 to 191. Pages 757 to 1426) . Dresden, S. 1293 ff . ( Digitized version [accessed on May 17, 2015]).
  6. ↑ Numbers and facts. Sächsisches Oberbergamt, 2014, accessed on August 30, 2014 .
  7. ↑ Mining drainage facilities with the ERDF project »Securing and expanding drainage systems in mining areas«. Sächsisches Oberbergamt, 2014, accessed on August 30, 2014 .

Coordinates: 50 ° 55 ′ 11.8 ″  N , 13 ° 20 ′ 30.9 ″  E