Hazel line buck
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Hazel line buck ( Oberea linearis ) |
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| Oberea linearis | ||||||||||||
| ( Linnaeus , 1761) |
The hazel-line Bock ( Oberea linearis ) is a beetle from the family of the longhorn beetle and the subfamily Lamiinae . The beetle is also Haselbock , Haselbock beetle , Haselböckchen or only line Bock called. The species is distinctive and is almost only found on the hazel .
The species name linearis ( Latin for "lined") refers to the rows of dots on the wing covers, which can also be found in the other species of the genus . The origin of the generic name Oberea (emphasis on the second syllable) is unknown. According to a Spanish source, it is derived from the Latin "aberro (aberrare)" for "roam around" or "to err". The genus Oberea is represented in Europe with nine species.
Characteristics of the beetle
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| Fig. 1: Front view | Fig. 2: Puncturing | |
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Fig. 6: Head obliquely in front, partly tinted green: upper jaw red: upper lip blue: head shield |
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Fig. 3: Claw of hind foot |
Fig. 4: Pointed right wing cover |
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| Fig. 5: side view | ||
The unusually narrow and, with the exception of the legs, black beetle grows eleven to fourteen millimeters long. Its almost cylindrical body is hairy on the head, the pronotum, the shoulders and partially protruding on the underside.
When viewed from above, the head is wider than it is long and inclined downwards orthogonally to the body axis (Fig. 5, 6). In the female, the eleven-link antennae protrude over half of the elytra , in the male they are almost body-length. The kidney-shaped, edged compound eyes are large, their lower edge is close to the base of the upper jaw (Fig. 6). These are short and wide. The shiny, dark upper lip has long hair on the front edge (Fig. 1 and 6).
The pronotum is about barely narrower than the head and narrower than the elytra together. It is only a little wider than it is long. It is somewhat wider in the middle. Similar to the head, it is punctured and less coarse than the elytra (Fig. 2).
The elytra are about four times as long as together wide. They narrow a little towards the middle and then widen again to shoulder width. At the top they are truncated at an angle towards the inside and there curved inwards (Fig. 4). The folded part of the wing covers (epipleurs) has a yellow spot near the shoulder (Fig. 4).
The rather delicate and short legs stand out due to their yellow color. The five-limbed tarsi appear four-limbed (pseudotetrameric), since the fourth limb is very small and hidden between the lobes of the third limb. The claws are split (Fig. 3).
biology
The adults are almost only found on hazelnuts , but the larvae also develop in other deciduous trees ( walnut , alder , hornbeam , elm, etc.). They can be found on the edges of forests and forest meadows, as well as on hedges and bushy dry meadows. They rest on the underside of the leaf, but are very volatile. With a noticeable temporal constancy, they swarm around the breeding tree in the late afternoon, so the French coleopterologist Auber formulates: The imago stays on the leaves from 3 p.m. to 5 p.m. and then flies around these trees (hazel). However, nocturnal light approaches are also reported.
In Central Europe the adults are found from May to August. In Sardinia a maximum of the frequency was found in early June. Mating takes place on the higher branches. Annual shoots with a thickness of five to twelve millimeters are used for laying eggs.
With the hazel, development begins in annual shoots. In order to reach sexual maturity, the beetles carry out a maturation feed . They eat along the side veins of the hazel leaves and create a typical feeding pattern. After mating, the female gnaws ten to fifteen centimeters below the tip of the shoot with its upper jaws on the bark on an approximately rectangular area and lays a single egg on the edge of this point. The tissue around the egg dies. The young larva hatches after about two weeks. It first eats a passage just below the bark in a plane perpendicular to the stem axis. It drives this passage just below the bark so that it takes on an increasingly circular shape. The host plant reacts with a lighter colored thickening at the level of the feeding tunnel. This gait injures the ducts in the shoot and causes the shoot to wilt increasingly and easily break off at the height of the gait. If the circle is a little more than halfway complete, the drilling process is continued in the direction of the stem axis. The larva gnaws its way up along the shoot axis as long as the shoot is thick enough for the increasing larvae size. Then the larva moves downwards, reaching sections of the branch that are already two years old. Small "windows" are gnawed out at various intervals through which the drilling dust is transported to the outside. The sputum dries and reveals the infestation. In the first year the larva bores down about half a meter, after wintering it eats its way up again. In spring, the last larval stage creates the pupal chamber at the base of the shoots. This is done by clogging a part of the feeding tunnel up and down with a coarse nail. The lower part of the two to three and a half centimeters long doll chamber is padded with fine drilling dust. The oval exit holes are approximately 7.0 by 2.5 millimeters.
In the case of the walnut tree (Greece), the leaves or young bark are gnawed flat within a few days during ripening. After mating, at most one egg per shoot is deposited a few centimeters from the tip in the bark or in a fruit stalk. Slow growing shoots with fruit sets are preferred. When the eggs are laid in the bark, the feeding tunnel is pushed up or down parallel to the axis of the shoot after hatching. If the eggs are laid in the fruit stalk, the larva can remain in the fruit stalk or work its way into the mesocarp of the fruit, after which the feeding duct is returned to the shoot. Occasionally the female gnaws a ring around the branch about an inch above the egg, causing it to wither. The hatched larva of the first instar eats its way up the branch to the level of the ring, then turns and gnaws downwards. This ring-shaped gnawing of the shoot is observed in Greece on nut trees when laying eggs on fast-growing shoots, it also occurs occasionally on hazel.
In Central Europe the larva overwinters in the borehole. After a second hibernation, it pupates in May and appears in June. This means that the species is two years old here. In Northern Europe, on the other hand, the development will occasionally only be completed in three years. At least in nut trees in the Argolis in Greece, one year is enough to complete the life cycle .
distribution
The species is reported from almost all of Europe , but is mainly found in the middle and south. In Northern Europe it occurs only very scattered and rarely. To the east the distribution area is extended to southern and central Russia , to the Crimea , the South Caucasus and the Urals . The species can also be found in North Africa.
Economical meaning
The beetle can be harmful to a small extent in hazelnut and walnut crops. In the hazel, the larvae's drilling activity causes the shoots to die off and break off. The easiest and most effective control is to remove and destroy the shoots that have dried up due to the infestation between autumn and early spring before the adults hatch. Treatment with poisons to the touch at the time of the beetle's appearance is not recommended, as natural enemies of the beetle are destroyed at the same time. It is more difficult not to destroy the branches that have been removed, but to leave them in suitable containers closed with nets, from which the beetle cannot escape, but the insects that parasitize it can. Elsewhere it is suggested to spray the crowns of the hazelnuts with a solution of pyrethrum in the early morning hours and to check the effectiveness by collecting the insects that have fallen on the tarpaulin laid out.
With the walnut, it is more difficult to remove withered branches because of the height of the trees. If dead twigs can be removed, this should be done from July, before the larva bores down and can attack side branches. In order to limit the use of insecticides as much as possible, the time of egg laying should be determined in each individual case by observation and insecticides should only be used during this period.
literature
- Heinz joy, Karl Wilhelm Harde, Gustav Adolf Lohse (ed.): The beetles of Central Europe . tape 9 . Cerambycidae Chrysomelidae . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich 1999, ISBN 3-8274-0683-8 (first edition: Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1966).
- Adolf Horion : Faunistics of the Central European Beetles, Bd. XII . Überlingen-Bodensee 1974.
- Gustav Jäger (Ed.): CG Calwer’s Käferbuch . K. Thienemanns, Stuttgart 1876, 3rd edition.
- Svatopluk Bílý, O. Mehl: Fauna entomologica Scandinavica: Longhorn beetles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Volume 22, Scandinavian Science Press, 1989, ISBN 90-04-08697-8 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Oberea linearis in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved January 24, 2012
- ↑ Sigmund Schenkling: Explanation of the scientific beetle names.
- ↑ Eduard Vives Noguera: "¿Por qué se llaman así? - Nomenclatura y Etimologia de los longicornios Ibero-Baleares" Bol. SEA, n 27 (2000) 139-143 as PDF
- ↑ Oberea at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved January 24, 2012
- ↑ Amaurostoma (subgenus) in Fauna Europaea. Retrieved January 24, 2012
- ↑ Klaus Koch : The beetles of Central Europe . Ed .: Heinz Freude . tape 3 : ecology . Goecke & Evers, Krefeld 1992, ISBN 3-87263-042-3 .
- ↑ a b c Adolf Horion: Faunistics of the Central European Beetles, Vol. XII . Überlingen-Bodensee 1974
- ↑ Luc Auber: "Atlas des Coléoptères de France III", page 28 Editions N. Boubée & Cie Paris 1955 ISBN 84-7114-871-4
- ↑ a b c Mario Fiori, Laura Loru, Piera Maria Marras, Sabina Virdis: "LE PRINCIPALI AVVERSITA 'DEL NOCCIOLO IN SARDEGNA" PETRIA 16 (1), 71-88 (2006)
- ↑ a b c C. Torras: "Contribución a la entomología del avellano" Bol. Asoc. esp. Entom. - Vol. 2: páginas 77-86 - Salamanca, diciembre 1978
- ↑ Michal Hoscovec and Martin Rejzec: Cerambycidae - Longhorn Beetles (Cerambycidae) of the West Palaearctic Region: Oberea linearis
- ↑ Fraßspuren from Oberea linearis on Haselblatt ( Memento of the original from June 27, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e Tsakiraki Argyro: "Coleoptera καρποφόρων δέντρων και αμπέλου (Coleoptera in fruit trees and vineyards)" Τεχνολογικό Εκπαιδευτικς, PDF ήρήτμα Ιδτης ΙΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΟρυμα Κδτης ΙΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΟρυμα Κδρης ΙΗΡΑΚΛΕΙΟρυμα Κδρης PDFρρυμα Κδ PDF υ
- ^ A b Troy Kimoto, Marnie Duty-Holt: "Exotic Forest Insect Guidebook", Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2004 ISBN 0-662-43977-5
