Hate speech
The term hate speech ( loan translation of the English hate speech ) describes linguistic expressions of hate with the aim of belittling and vilifying certain people or groups of people.
Use of terms
In the United States in particular , the term hate speech is used in legal, political, and sociological discourses. In German-speaking countries, expressions that incite hatred fall under the legislation on sedition (Germany) or sedition (Austria) or the racism penal norm (Switzerland). The German term hate speech is a translation of hate speech . Hate speech also includes the use of ethnophaulisms .
Internet hate speech
According to Forsa studies on behalf of the State Agency for Media , the perception of hate speech and hate comments on the Internet has increased since 2016. In 2018, 78 percent of those surveyed said they had seen hate speech or hate comments on the Internet, for example on websites, in blogs, on social networks or in Internet forums. The number of those who stated that they wrote hateful comments themselves has remained unchanged for years at around one percent. According to a study by the University of Potsdam, around 54 percent of the young people surveyed reported having seen hate speech online in 2018, 11 percent said they had written hate speech themselves and 17 percent reported having been a victim of hate speech.
According to Zeit Online , a study by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue of discussions among Facebook posts in the online editions of Bild , Focus , Kronen-Zeitung , Spiegel , Welt as well as tagesschau.de and ZDF-Heute-Nachrichten showed that 25 percent of the likes hate comments on Facebook were due to only one percent of the profiles.
In Germany, the “Law to Improve Legal Enforcement in Social Networks”, or Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG) for short, came into force in late 2017 . In mid-June 2018, the police examined the homes of 29 suspects across Germany. They were accused of hateful comments such as anti-Semitic abuse, xenophobic sedition or public calls to commit crimes. According to the BKA , of the 1500 or so criminal hate comments counted in 2018, 77 percent could be assigned to the right-wing extremist spectrum.
Legal Aspects
There are significant differences between the states in terms of legal assessment. The United States protects freedom of expression that is not actually a call to violence. The criteria are strictly interpreted: Even a speech that justifies violence or contains racist insults is largely protected if it cannot be proven that there will be “direct violence”. However, many private US institutions, especially universities, have their own, stricter guidelines against hate speech in their field. However, regulations of public universities, which were supposed to prohibit such behavior, were repeatedly restricted by US courts.
A consequent restriction on the other hand is the development of a specific regulation for denying the Holocaust or other genocides . There are differences in particular within the European Union : while France, Austria and Germany have set up high barriers to hate speech , many forms of hate speech are protected in Great Britain and Hungary .
The Roman Catholic Church sanctions hate speech and sermons by church members with church penalties under certain circumstances set out in canon law .
See also
literature
- Judith Butler : Hatred speaks. On the politics of the performative. Suhrkamp, Frankfurt am Main 2006, ISBN 978-3-518-12414-7 .
- Claudia Haupt: Hate Speech in the USA: A Consideration of the Legal Discourse and Beyond (PDF; 195 kb). In: Sozial.geschichte extra , Foundation for Social History of the 20th Century , April 19, 2006.
- Mathias Hong: Hate speech and extremist expressions of opinion in the jurisprudence of the ECHR and after the Wunsiedel decision of the BVerfG (PDF; 555 kB). In: Journal for Foreign Public Law and Völkerrecht , Vol. 70, 2010, pp. 73–126.
- Fabian Klinker, Joachim Scharloth, Joanna Szczęk (eds.): Linguistic violence. Forms and Effects of Pejorization, Verbal Aggression and Hate Speech . Metzler, Stuttgart 2018. ISBN 978-3-476-04542-3 .
- Christian Mensching: hate speech on the internet. Comparison of fundamental rights and regulatory consequences . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2014. ISBN 978-3-428-13326-0 . (Dissertation, University of Bonn, 2009)
- Ursula Owen: The speech that kills . In: Index on Censorship , Vol. 27, No. 1, January – February 1998, pp. 30–39 (English).
- Benedikt Rohrßen: From the “incentive to class struggle” to “sedition” (§ 130 StGB). Discussion of reform and legislation since the 19th century . De Gruyter, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-89949-750-2 .
- Paul Sailer-Wlasits : Verbal radicalism: Critical intellectual history of a socio-political-linguistic-philosophical phenomenon . Vienna 2012, Edition Va Bene, ISBN 978-3-85167-268-8
- Rositza Stoykova: The hate speech - European legal framework and legal regulation in Bulgaria. December 1, 2004 ( PDF; 161 kb )
- Anna Katharina Struth: Hate speech and freedom of expression. The scope of protection of freedom of expression in cases of anti-democratic statements according to the European Convention on Human Rights, the Basic Law and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union . Springer, Berlin 2019. ISBN 978-3-662-58152-0 . (Dissertation, Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2017)
- Anja Zimmer: Hate Speech in International Law. Racially discriminatory statements in the field of tension between the prohibition of racial discrimination and freedom of expression . P. Lang, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 978-3-631-38437-4 . (Dissertation, University of Heidelberg, 2001)
Web links
- Jörg Meibauer (Ed.): Hate Speech: Interdisciplinary Contributions to a Current Discussion (PDF, 1.3 MB). Giessen Electronic Library 2013
- Amadeu Antonio Foundation (ed.): “Go die!” Dealing with hate speech and comments on the Internet (PDF, 1.46 MB). Brochure (40 pages), Berlin 2015.
- Paul Sailer-Wlasits : hate speech. On the history of language as a means of violence , ORF, Ö1, Subject: History, Aug. 29 - Sept. 2, 2016
- Paul Sailer-Wlasits: Hate speech: on the cultural history of a linguistic phenomenon , Carta , 19 September 2016
- Website of Hate Speech International , an international non-governmental organization , the exploration and disclosure of hate speech related to political to extremism dedicated (English)
- No Hate Speech Movement , Council of Europe initiative aimed at young peopleagainst hate speech (English / French)
- No Hate Speech Movement Germany , website of the No Hate Speech Movement Germany
Single receipts
- ^ Jörg Meibauer: Hate speech - from language to politics. In Meibauer (2013).
- ↑ a b c users perceive more hatred on the Internet , Zeit Online / dpa, July 5, 2018
- ↑ Sebastian Wachs, Michelle Wright: Associations between Bystanders and Perpetrators of Online Hate: The Moderating Role of Toxic Online Disinhibition . In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . tape 15 , no. 9 , September 17, 2018, ISSN 1660-4601 , p. 2030 , doi : 10.3390 / ijerph15092030 , PMID 30227666 , PMC 6163978 (free full text) - ( mdpi.com [accessed January 7, 2020]).
- ↑ Max Muth: Nationwide raids against hate speech online , Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 6, 2019
- ^ College republicans at San Francisco State University v. Charles B. Reed, Opinion and Order Granting in Part And Denying in Part Plaintiffs' Motion For Preliminary Injunction , p. 17 (PDF).
- ↑ Agnès Callamard: Give space to the free word . In: Le Monde diplomatique , April 13, 2007, accessed October 17, 2016.
- ^ Agnès Callamard: At-on le droit de tout dire? In: Le Monde diplomatique , April 2007.
- ↑ Canon 1369 ( Memento of the original from July 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the Codex Iuris Canonici
