Heilig-Geist-Spital (Bolzano)

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Detail of the Bolzano cityscape by Ludwig Pfendter from 1607 with the still existing buildings of the Heilig-Geist-Spital, west of the Marienpfarrkirche, including the eastern hospital church

The former Heilig-Geist-Spital in Bolzano was a late medieval-modern institution located on today's parish square , which was responsible for the urban poor and sick care and existed from the late 13th to the 19th century.

history

The on parchment written Urbar of Bolzano Heiliggeistspital of 1420, Tyrolean Provincial Archives, Urb. 140/1, fol. 1r

The Heilig-Geist-Spital was founded in the years 1271/72 by the community of the Bolzano citizens ( "communitas burgensium Boçani" ) directly opposite the west portal of the Marian parish church in Bolzano as a typical citizens ' hospital . The care of the poor and needy as well as the benefactors was, as in similar communal hospitals, taken care of by a separate Holy Spirit brotherhood to which both men and women belonged. The new foundation added a special hospital or leprosy hall , which was mentioned as early as 1242, but was probably older , which was located on the Virglfuß below Weinck Castle on the road to Trento . Like the parish church outside the city walls, but conveniently located on the important Brennerstraße, the hospital quickly developed into one of the most important service facilities of the still young community and soon amassed considerable assets and extensive property in the Bolzano area through foundations. An Urbar created in 1420 by the Bamberg notary Johannes Braun - today kept in the Tyrolean State Archives , Sign. Urbare 140/1 - documents this heyday, which was particularly associated with the wine industry .

Hospital board

The hospital board members (hospital masters or chiefs) were appointed by the community and represented their concerns and interests. Brother Konrad Noner appears as the first board member, still appointed by the brotherhood . It is noteworthy that already in the early 14th century (1302–1331) a female hospital director is attested with Mrs. Heilwig , with Elisabeth Scharendoyer ( Scharendeuer ) from Eppan in the years 1332-1335 and with Beneschruda Schwarzmann from Bozen in 1365 –1369 two more hospital masters followed. Hans Lutz von Schussenried , who ran the hospital from 1517–1521 and was responsible for the construction of the Bolzano parish tower a little later, should be mentioned among the later board members .

Repeal and demolition

After decades of stagnation in the 18th century, the hospital church was closed in 1786 under Emperor Joseph II . As a result of the professionalization of the entire medical sector, the citizen hospital itself had become obsolete as a care facility. It was replaced by a new hospital from 1854 on the site of today's Free University of Bozen . The now vacant buildings were sold in 1886 to the Austrian postal administration , which had the new post office built here in 1890 according to a design by the builder Albert Canal. Only the spacious wine cellars on Dominikanerplatz have survived from the old town hospital . These have been under monument protection since 2005.

seal

As a communal institution, the Heilig-Geist-Spital had its own seal , which was handed down on a certificate of indulgence from 1274. In the pointed oval typar , the insignia of the Order of the Holy Spirit , the double cross and a dove with the aureole of the Holy Spirit, surrounded by the inscription: "S (igillum) Ospitalis in Bozano" .

archive

The extensive archives of the Bolzano Hospital are kept by three institutions, the Bolzano City Archives , the South Tyrolean Provincial Archives and the Tyrolean Provincial Archives . The surviving records include an extensive series of documents as well as numerous land records and administrative invoices . The Bolzano City Museum has an extensive collection of detached seals from documents from the former archive holdings .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Walter Schneider (Ed.): The Urbar of the Heilig-Geist-Spital zu Bozen from 1420. Wagner University Press: Innsbruck 2003. ISBN 3-7030-0381-2 , inlet p. 9, with reference to the documented reference at Hannes Obermair : The Bolzano archives from the Middle Ages up to the year 1500. The foundation for their mediaeval analysis. Phil. Diss., University of Innsbruck 1986, p. 73 No. 16.
  2. ^ Schneider: Land of the Holy Spirit Hospital. Int. Pp. 10-11.
  3. ↑ edited for content and full-length commentary by Schneider: Urbar of the Holy Spirit Hospital.
  4. ^ Schneider: Land of the Holy Spirit Hospital. Int. Pp. 14-17.
  5. ^ Schneider: Land of the Holy Spirit Hospital. Inlet p. 11.
  6. ↑ Hannes Obermair, Volker Stamm : Alpine economy in high and low altitudes - the example of Tyrol in the late Middle Ages and early modern times . In: Luigi Lorenzetti, Yann Decorzant, Anne-Lise Head-König (eds.): Relire l'altitude: la terre et ses usages. Suisse et espaces avoisinants, XIIe – XXIe siècles . Éditions Alphil-Presses universitaires suisses, Neuchâtel 2019, ISBN 978-2-88930-206-2 , p. 29-56, here p. 54 ( researchgate.net ).
  7. ^ Schneider: Land of the Holy Spirit Hospital. Inlet p. 18 u. 23.
  8. ^ Schneider: Land of the Holy Spirit Hospital. Opening pp. 17–18 (with photos of the groin vaulted cellar vaults).
  9. ↑ Entry in the monument browser on the website of the South Tyrolean Monuments Office
  10. ^ Hannes Obermair: Bozen Süd - Bolzano Nord. Written form and documentary tradition of the city of Bozen up to 1500 . tape 1 . City of Bozen, Bozen 2005, ISBN 88-901870-0-X , p. 96 No. 38 (with Fig. 8) .
  11. ^ Hannes Obermair: Bozen Süd - Bolzano Nord. Written form and documentary tradition of the city of Bozen up to 1500 . tape 1 . City of Bozen, Bozen 2005, ISBN 88-901870-0-X , p. 18-19 .
  12. ↑ Georg von Eyrl: Directory of seals (and family names) from the archive of the Bolzano Heilig-Geist-Spital. In: Der Schlern , Vol. 10 (1929), pp. 123-138. (on-line)

See also

Coordinates: 46 ° 29 ′ 51.1 ″  N , 11 ° 21 ′ 9.2 ″  E