Assumption of Mary (Bolzano)

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Exterior view from the northwest
William Turner , Bozen and the Dolomites (1840), watercolor at the Tate Gallery with the Bolzano parish church in the foreground
inside view

The Cathedral of the Assumption , also Dompfarrkirche , Bolzano Cathedral or Propsteikirche Maria Himmelfahrt , is the parish church of the South Tyrolean capital Bolzano and the bishop's church of the Roman Catholic diocese Bolzano-Brixen . While the bishop has resided in Bozen since 1964, his cathedra and cathedral chapter remained in Bressanone ; The Assumption of Mary functions as a co- cathedral alongside the Brixen Cathedral .

history

The first parish church Maria Himmelfahrt von Bozen was consecrated in the year 1180 according to the so-called " Bozner Chronik ", an annalistic record of the 14th century, and was built in the Romanesque style . According to legend, a Bolzano carter found a miraculous image of Our Lady at this point. This Lady of the Moos is said to have been in the marshland of the Eisack , whose river bed was much closer to today's cathedral. The statue, which dates back to the 12th century, is now in the east-facing baroque Chapel of Mercy behind the high altar of the church. The medieval church was built on the remains of an early Christian basilica from the 5th or 6th century. The late antique votive stone of a Secundus Regontius and his son Severinus from the beginning of the 4th century was also found here.

Floor plan of the church building

In 1195 - on the occasion of an exchange of goods between the Upper Bavarian Imperial Monastery of Tegernsee and the Episcopal Church of Trento - Rudolf, first mentioned as a priest of Bolzano in 1181, was referred to as the pastor (pleban) of Bolzano, when the Marienkirche was elevated to the parish church in the meantime not clear due to the sparse sources. In 1259, Count Meinhard II took control of the church bailiwick; From this time on, the parish church also functioned as a memorial church for the Tyrolean-Görzian regents and, from 1363, for the Habsburg sovereigns. This Austrian anniversary ( "the jarttæg ... who brings here from Austria" ) was celebrated according to a regulation from 1435 in the octave after the Assumption of Mary by the entire priesthood of the so-called "German share" of the Trento diocese.

The picture of the founder of the Bolzano couple Konrad and Irmgard Chrille (Krille) in the right aisle with painted banners, early 14th century

The construction of the church in late Gothic style began around 1300 in order to meet the increased requirements of the demographically and structurally rapidly growing territorial city of Bolzano. The high -quality Leitacher Törl on the north side of the church, decorated with sculptures, dates back to the 14th century. It is a side portal where the Leitacher farmers serve wine on fixed dates. In 1471, the roofing of the nave ( "dachwerch auff dem lanngkhaus" ) was contractually agreed with the local master carpenter Hans Strobel . This new building was completed in 1519 with the erection of the late Gothic tower according to plans by the Augsburg cathedral builder Burkhard Engelberg and Hans Lutz von Schussenried . The late Gothic sandstone pulpit with the reliefs of the four church fathers and the four evangelist symbols comes from the same time, which was partially destroyed in the bombing of the Allies in 1943/44 and rebuilt in 1949.

Title page of the land register of the parish church from 1453–1460 ( early New High German )

From the middle of the 15th century (1453/60) there is a church provost at the time, Christof Hasler the Elder. J. created land register and legal book , in which the extensive property of the parish church and their legal titles are recorded. The manuscript is kept by the Bibliothèque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg , where it was sent in 1871.

In 1717, at the suggestion of Prince-Bishop Johann Michael von Spaur, a collegiate chapter was established, which has been headed by an infuled provost since 1723. On solemn occasions he wore an abbot's infel , ring and staff. The last (infulized) provost of Bolzano was Monsignor Josef Kalser , the best-known canon is Michael Gamper . The collegiate chapter was last increased in personnel in 1951. The dean and pastor of Bolzano Josef Rier (until 1989), appointed in 1967, was made an honorary canon in the 1980s. The parish church, the former St. Nikolauskirche located directly south on the parish square and the rectory (Propsteigebuilding) were badly hit by Allied air raids on the foothills of the Alps in 1943/44 . While only the foundation walls of the Nikolauskirche remain, the parish church has been restored. In today's cathedral, however, many frescoes, the colored windows and the altarpiece have been lost.

During the reconstruction work one came across the remains of the early Christian church already mentioned.

The church tower had survived the bombing without damage, but had to be restored from the mid-1970s. The work cost more than 1.03 million euros and was completed in 1986.

In December 2008, some of the colored glazed roof tiles had come off . In the spring of 2009, a working group to finance the roof renovation (approx. 850,000 euros) was established, which was concluded in 2010. The state of South Tyrol and the Südtiroler Sparkasse Foundation supported the work.

Building inscription

Building inscription from the early 16th century

On the south side of the parish church there is an exact copy of the building inscription made from local sandstone by the builder Hans Lutz von Schussenried. The original is in the openwork spire of the church. The written form corresponds to a late Gothic minuscule.

The early New High German text of the six-line inscription reads: " Anno domini 1501 beginning / des paws on the 18th day winne / monet by maister hanns / lutz stainmetz von Schusenriet / volent of the 16th day of autumn / monet anno domini 1519 ".

Translation into today's German: "This construction was started in the year of the Lord 1501, on May 18, by master stonemason Hans Lutz von Schussenried and completed on November 16, 1519" (according to the Franconian month names : Winnemonat = May, autumn month = November).

Historic cemetery

The old Bolzano cemetery originally extended around the city parish church, on its northern, eastern and southern parts. This cemetery, which was first mentioned in a document in 1184 and expanded in 1547, was closed by Emperor Joseph II in 1789 , but continued to be used until 1826. In November 1826, a new classical cemetery with arcades and frescoes in the Nazarenes style by Giuseppe Craffonara was inaugurated south of the parish church and provost building, which was administered directly by the parish and served its purpose until 1930-1932. From these years the funerals finally took place in the new Oberau cemetery in St. Jakob near Bozen. As a result, the old cemetery complex fell into disrepair and was also badly damaged by aerial bombardments from 1943 onwards during World War II. In 1951/52 the remaining arcades were torn down and the neo-Gothic cemetery chapel was removed as the last remnant in 1973. The area was built over in 1991/93 with the new pastoral center of the Curia Bozen-Brixen according to plans by the architect Othmar Barth .

Equipment of the church

Cathedral from the east

The city parish church received numerous donations from the city's citizens and is therefore one of the churches with the most seats in the Alpine region .

In addition to the bell tower and pulpit already described, there are two organs in the parish church, a Pietà from the Soft Style period, as well as various late Gothic frescoes and neo-Gothic side altars that escaped the destruction of the Second World War.

Presbytery and high altar

The baroque, monumental high altar made of marble with its many columns and figures of saints, built in 1716 by the Veronese architect Ranghieri, contrasts with the Gothic hall space.

The historic picture of the Sacred Heart of Jesus by Johann Josef Karl Henrici is kept in the cathedral of Bozen , which has been particularly venerated since 1795 and which in 1796 encouraged the Tyrolean provinces to pledge the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Today a copy of the picture is carried through the city at the annual Sacred Heart procession.

In addition to various medieval relics, the relics of the Bolzano Blessed Heinrich von Bozen and Johann Nepomuk von Tschiderer , who was baptized in the parish church, are also kept in the church.

The presbytery was enlarged in the 1970s in order to be better adapted to the new tasks as an episcopal church. In addition, in 1977 the akad. Sculptor Michael Höllrigl from Lana built a folk altar from several light pink marble blocks. The renovation work, which was still heavily criticized, was completed in 1992 with the construction of an ambo adapted to the altar , priests' seats and the cathedra . On the occasion of the consecration of the altar in 1992, a relic of St. Vigilius of Trento was placed in the altar.

Archduke Rainer's grave, made by Sebastian Altmann (1854)

Not far from the altar is the grave slab of Wilhelm III. from Henneberg-Schleusingen . He died in Salurn in 1480 when he was on his way back from his trip to Rome. His body was buried here in 1482 until it was transferred to the burial place of the counts in Veßra Abbey. The Bolzano epitaph was made in 1490 by the sculptor Erasmus Forster in Gardolo near Trento and placed in the church in 1495/96.

On the back of the high altar is the grave slab of Archduke Rainer of Austria , the former viceroy of Lombardy-Veneto .

Organs

The two organs both come from the Metzler Orgelbau company ( Dietikon ).

The main organ, also known as the St. Gregorius organ, was built in 1964 and completely renovated in 2019. The slider chest instrument has 59 (originally 41) stops on four (originally three) manuals and a pedal . The playing and stop actions are mechanical.

I Rückpositiv C – f 3
1. Dumped 8th'
2. Quintatön (from c 0 )0 8th'
3. Principal 4 ′
4th Reed flute 4 ′
5. Sesquialtera II 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
6th Forest flute 2 ′
7th Larigot 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′
8th. Sharp 1'
9. Krummhorn 8th'
II Hauptwerk C – f 3
10. Pommer 16 ′
11. Principal 08th'
12. Voce umana (from a 0 ) 08th'
13. Reed flute 08th'
14th Black viola 08th'
15th Octave 04 ′
16. Night horn 04 ′
17th Fifth 02 2 ⁄ 3  ′
18th Octave 02 ′
19th Cornet (from g 0 ) 08th'
20th mixture 01 3 ⁄ 5  ′
21st Ripieno VI
22nd Trumpet 16 ′
23. Trumpet 08th'
II swelling breastworks C – g 3
24. Wooden dacked 08th'
25th Pointed 04 ′
26th Principal 02 ′
27. Tertian II 01 3 ⁄ 5  ′
28. Sif flute 01'
29 cymbal 01 ⁄ 2 ′
30th shelf 16 ′
31. Vox humana 08th'
Tremulant
Pedal C – f 1
32. Principal 16 ′
33. Sub bass 16 ′
34. Octav 08th'
35. Pommer 08th'
36. Octave 04 ′
37. Night horn 02 ′
38. mixture 02 2 ⁄ 3  ′
39. trombone 16 ′
40. Trumpet 08th'
41. Clarion 04 ′
  • Coupling : III-II, I-II, IP, II-P (steps)

The choir organ , also called St. Mary's organ , was built in 1997 and is located in the left aisle at the height of the people's altar. The instrument has 17 stops on two manuals and a pedal. The playing and stop actions are mechanical.

I main work C – f 3
1. Principal 8th'
2. Reed flute 8th'
3. Octave 4 ′
4th Pointed flute 4 ′
5. Fifth 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
6th Super octave 0 2 ′
7th third 1 3 ⁄ 5  ′
8th. mixture 1 ⁄ 1 ′
II Positive C – f 3
9. Dumped 8th'
10. Reed flute 4 ′
11. Nasard 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′
12. Duplicate 2 ′
13. third 1 3 ⁄ 5  ′
14th Vox humana 0 8th'
Tremulant
Pedal C – f 1
15th Sub bass 16 ′
16. Octavbass 08th'
17th trombone 08th'

Bells

There are 5 chime bells hanging in the cathedral tower. The smallest bell was cast by Hans Seelos in 1506, the largest was made by Chiappani di Trento in 1845; the other bells were cast by Grassmayr (Innsbruck) in 1968. The bells have the strikes c 1 , e 1 , g 1 , a 1 and c 2 . In addition, there are two clock bells hanging in the tower with the striking notes es 2 and b 2 .

In the upper hexagon of the parish tower hangs a carillon with 25 bells, cast by the Grassmayr bell foundry in Innsbruck. It was installed in 2010 and since then has been playing on Saturdays and Sundays at 11 a.m. after the hour.

archive

From the years 1470 to 1800, 119 account books of the Marienpfarrkirche in the city ​​archive of Bolzano (Hss. 639–758), which were kept by the respective parish priests .

Cathedral treasure and library

For a large part of the cathedral treasure , consisting of numerous chalices, monstrances and vestments, the Bolzano Cathedral Treasury has been built on the ground floor of the neighboring provost since 2007 . Most of the formerly important manuscripts of the parish church, which, according to inventories from the late 15th century, comprised almost 40 liturgical manuscripts and texts of the Holy Scriptures , is largely lost . The extensive book inventory with over 10,000 works from the 15th to 19th centuries has been preserved. Numerous early prints of the collection go back to the Bavarian humanist Erasmus Fend (Fendt, Vendius).

The parish church of Bozen was also an important center of music care in the 15th century .

literature

  • Alois Spornberger: History of the parish church of Bozen. With an art-historical and archival appendix. Bolzano: Auer 1894.
  • Leo Santifaller : The parish church of Bozen. Bolzano: Tyrolia-Verlag 1924.
  • Anton Maurer, Josef Ringler: Building history of the Bolzano parish church. The remains of medieval wall paintings in the Bolzano parish church. (Supplement to the “Bozner Jahrbuch für Geschichte, Kultur und Kunst”, Vol. 8). Bolzano: Athesia 1945.
  • Edmund Theil: The Cathedral of Bozen. Bolzano: Athesia 1988.
  • Hannes Obermair : Church and city development. The parish church of Bozen in the High Middle Ages (11th – 13th centuries). In: The Cathedral Parish of Bolzano through the ages. Bozen: Athesia 1995, pp. 449-474.
  • Hannes Obermair: "Hye a note our dear frawn werch ...": The land register and legal book of the Marienpfarrkirche Bozen from 1453/60. (= bz.history 2). Bolzano 2005.
  • Bernhard Mertelseder: The Collegiate Foundation Bozen. In: Hannes Obermair et al. (Ed.): Cathedral and collegiate monasteries in the region of Tyrol - South Tyrol - Trentino / Collegialità ecclesiastica nella regione trentino-tirolese. (Schlern writings, vol. 329). Innsbruck: Wagner 2006. ISBN 3-7030-0403-7 , pp. 297-316.
  • Helmut Stampfer : Cathedral of the Assumption of the Virgin, Bolzano . 3. Edition. Regensburg: Schnell & Steiner 2013. ISBN 978-3-7954-6961-0

Web links

Commons : Assumption of Mary  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ City of Bozen - Cathedral, parish church "Maria Himmelfahrt"
  2. ^ Josef Weingartner : The art monuments of South Tyrol. Volume 2: Bozen and surroundings, Unterland, Burggrafenamt, Vinschgau. 7th edition, edit. by Magdalena Hörmann-Weingartner. Bozen-Innsbruck-Vienna: Athesia-Tyrolia 1991. ISBN 88-7014-642-1 , p. 13ff.
  3. ^ Karl Maria Mayr: The tombstone of Regontius from the parish church in Bozen. In: Der Schlern 23 (1949), pp. 302–303; Maria M. Ausserhofer: The Roman gravestones in South Tyrol. In: Der Schlern 50 (1976), p. 458 with Fig. 7.
  4. ^ A b Hannes Obermair : Church and city development. The parish church of Bolzano in the High Middle Ages (11th – 13th centuries) (PDF; 2.6 MB). In: Der Schlern, 69th year (1995) - Issue 8/9: Die Dompfarre Bozen im Wandel der Zeiten , pp. 449–474 (especially pp. 449ff. And 466).
  5. ^ Hannes Obermair: Bozen Süd - Bolzano Nord. Written form and documentary tradition of the city of Bozen up to 1500 . tape 2 . City of Bozen, Bozen 2008, ISBN 978-88-901870-1-8 , p. 78, no.992 .
  6. ↑ On this Hannes Obermair: The Use of Records in Medieval Towns: The Case of Bolzano, South Tyrol . In: Marco Mostert, Anna Adamska (Ed.): Writing and the Administration of Medieval Towns: Medieval Urban Literacy I (=  Utrecht Studies in Medieval History 27 ). Brepols, 2014, ISBN 978-2-503-54959-0 , pp. 49-68, reference pp. 66-68 , doi : 10.1484 / M.USML-EB.1.101928 .
  7. ↑ Otto Kletzl : The Leitacher Törl at the parish church of Bozen . In: Publications of the Museum Ferdinandeum 18 (1939), pp. 615–641.
  8. ^ Hannes Obermair: Bozen Süd - Bolzano Nord. Written form and documentary tradition of the city of Bozen up to 1500 . tape 2 . City of Bozen, Bozen 2008, ISBN 978-88-901870-1-8 , p. 146, No. 1127 .
  9. ↑ Franz Bischoff: "The richly crafted architector and the master Augspurg Wercke". Burkhard Engelberg and southern German architecture around 1500: Notes on the social position and working methods of late Gothic stonemasons and master craftsmen. Augsburg: Wissner 1999. (Swabian historical sources and research 18). ISBN 3-89639-157-7 . Online meeting
  10. ↑ Bruno Mahlknecht : Bozen through the centuries . Volume 2, Bozen: Athesia 2006, pp. 52-62. ISBN 88-6011-021-1
  11. ↑ Hannes Obermair: "Hye a note our dear frawn werch ...": The land register and legal book of the Marienpfarrkirche Bozen from 1453/60. (= bz.history 2). Bolzano 2005.
  12. ↑ Bruno Mahlknecht: Bozen through the centuries . Volume 1, Bozen: Athesia 2006, pp. 87-98. ISBN 88-6011-020-3
  13. ↑ On this in detail Anton Maurer: Building history of the Bozen parish church (Bozen yearbook for history, culture and art). Bolzano 1945.
  14. ^ Josef Gelmi : The ecclesiastical presence in Bozen from 1900 to today . In: Der Schlern, 69th year (1995) - Issue 8/9: Die Dompfarre Bozen im Wandel der Zeiten , pp. 506-527, especially p. 519.
  15. ↑ Renovation of the cathedral roof
  16. ^ Andreas Stolzenburg: Giuseppe Craffonara (1790–1837). A painter between classicism and purism. 2 vols. (Deutsche Hochschulschriften 543). Egelsbach-Frankfurt-Washington 1994, esp. Vol. 1, pp. 64-86.
  17. ↑ Service charter of the funeral and cemetery services, Oct. 2008, City of Bolzano 2.1 History of the Bolzano cemetery (PDF; 2.9 MB)
  18. ^ Leo Andergassen: South Tyrol. Art on site . 2nd Edition. Athesia, Bozen 2014, ISBN 978-88-8266-111-3 , p. 23 .
  19. ↑ Martin Senoner: The meaning of the Sacred Heart veneration in the pastoral work of the Church of South Tyrol . Brixen 1996 (diploma thesis), pp. 40–45.
  20. ^ Josef Gelmi: The ecclesiastical presence in Bozen from 1900 to today . In: Der Schlern, 69th year (1995) - Issue 8/9: Die Dompfarre Bozen im Wandel der Zeiten , pp. 506-527, especially 518f.
  21. ↑ Information on the organs
  22. ↑ Information on the carillon
  23. ^ Hannes Obermair: Multiple Pasts - Collecting for the City? The Bolzano City Archives 3.0 . In: Philipp Tolloi (Ed.): Archives in South Tyrol: History and Perspectives / Archivi in ​​Provincia di Bolzano: storia e prospettive (=  publications of the South Tyrolean Provincial Archives 45 ). Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2018, ISBN 978-3-7030-0992-1 , p. 211–224, reference: p. 214 .
  24. ↑ Leo Andergassen offers an inventory of the cathedral treasure : The Bozner Domschatz . In: Der Schlern, 69th year (1995) - Issue 8/9: The Dompfarre Bozen through the ages , pp. 540-561.
  25. ^ Hannes Obermair: The liturgical books of the parish church of Bozen from the last quarter of the 15th century . In: Der Schlern, 59th year (1985), pp. 516-536.
  26. ↑ Rainhard Domanegg, Hans Kienzl: Die Propsteibibliothek Bozen - La biblioteca della prepositura di Bolzano (Development of historical libraries in South Tyrol 5), Brixen: Weger 2008.
  27. ↑ Brief history of the old holdings of the Provost Library
  28. ↑ Website on the music history of Bolzano in the late Middle Ages

Coordinates: 46 ° 29 ′ 51.1 ″  N , 11 ° 21 ′ 14.2 ″  E