Tegernsee Monastery
.png)
The Tegernsee Abbey was founded in the 8th century Abbey of Benedictine at Tegernsee in the present city of Tegernsee in Bavaria . Until 1803 it was the most important Benedictine abbey in Upper Bavaria. Today the buildings of the monastery are owned by the ducal line of the Wittelsbach family as Tegernsee Castle . The local Catholic parish church of St. Quirinus was an abbey church until 1803. In the former monastery buildings there is now a restaurant as well as the well-known Bräustüberl of the Tegernsee brewery and the Tegernsee grammar school .
history
Founding legend
The history of the founding of the Tegernsee Monastery is only passed down as a legend in the Passio Sancti Quirini from the end of the 9th century. After that, the monastic community at Tegernsee came into being around the middle of the 8th century (746 or 765) when the brothers Oatkar and Adalbert, who belonged to the old Bavarian noble clan of the Huosi , were founded. The first church and monastery were dedicated to Jesus Christ as Salvator Mundi . Settled by St. Gallen monks, the monastery developed activities of Christian-cultural penetration that reached as far as Tyrol and Lower Austria. In 804 the monastery would have received the relics of St. Quirinus from Rome and the monastery church would have accepted his patronage .
The legend gives more details about the foundation of the monastery by the brothers. The two princely brothers Oatkar and Adalbert from the ducal family of the Agilolfingers from the Huosi clan (they owned the Huosigau in southwest Bavaria) lived with their families at the court of King Pippin (714–768) in the Franconian Empire. The legend reports that the son of the Frankish king killed Oatkar's son out of anger while playing chess with the chessboard. Pippin - although he was the mighty Frankish king - nevertheless feared the vengeance of the clan of the princely brothers who were wealthy and powerful in Bavaria and Burgundy. Before Oatkar found out about the crime at all, Pippin called him and his brother Adalbert to him and apparently cunningly asked for advice: “Advice me, what would you do: How would you face a terrible evil if it could no longer be changed ? ”Both brothers replied“ Such a terrible evil would have to be surrendered to God and accepted with equanimity. ”Only then did the clever Pippin reveal to them what had happened. Since the two brothers could not resort to violence and weapons against their own advice, they felt compelled to accept this murder. Oatkar, the unhappy father, remained silent despite anger, pain and sadness. But he decided to turn his back on the world together with his brother Adalbert. So it came about that the two brothers founded a monastery in their home country, the Bavarian Sundgau, on “tegarin seo” (Old High German “large lake”) on a particularly sunny and beautiful stretch of shore, where they retreated. The scene with the chess-playing princely sons could be seen for a long time on a large panel in the Egerner church.
In historical sources only the existence of Adalbert as abbot of the Tegernsee monastery is documented in a document from Freising and his participation in a synod in 770 in Dingolfing . Even the existence of Otkar cannot be proven by contemporary documents. All other information comes from the legends of the saints about Quirinus, which were recorded for the first time at the end of the 9th century and in an expanded version from the 10th century.
On the other hand, the legend is confirmed by archaeological data: Investigations of the bones that are kept in the main altar of the monastery church as those of the two founders showed in early 2016 that there were the remains of two people, both of whom do not come from today's Bavarian or German area , but probably originated in Brittany . With these investigations, the foundation of the monastery can be dated to 760–65. In addition, there are other data that correspond to the legends: The two men are very closely related, but not in a direct line, at 1.87 and 1.85 m, both are about 15 centimeters taller than the average population. One (Ottkar) has traces of bones that match a physical activity, very likely woodworking, he turned 36 and could have lived from 751 to 787. His brother, Abbot Adalbert, was probably 60 years old and lived from 743 to 803.
Other elements of the legend correspond to topoi of that time and may be considered as decoration. The retreat of the monastery founders into solitude is common in the founding legends of monasteries north of the Alps, but it does not correspond to reality. The valleys of the Bavarian Prealps were much-used trade routes, the relationship with the diocese of Freising , which was founded around 720, was close, Schäftlarn Abbey on the Isar and Benediktbeuern Abbey, two valleys to the west, were founded in the decades before Tegernsee. The location in the first or last alpine valley at the flat exit into the plain is characteristic, and it cannot be assumed that there are no settlements in the valley. Prehistoric uses are proven in three places in the Tegernsee valley, a loose settlement can be assumed for the founding period, which must, however, still be attributed to a late Roman culture. A Germanic conquest cannot have occurred through the foundation of the monastery.
Until the tenth century
After the fall of the Bavarian Duke Tassilo III. (748–788) Tegernsee became a Carolingian royal monastery. The Hungarian invasions and the associated costs for the Bavarian Duke Arnulf (907-937) let him secularize monasteries and sell the monastery goods to cover the war costs. It is not known whether Tegernsee was directly affected, but the spiritual community in Tegernsee fell into disrepair in the course of the 10th century. Monastic life died out.
Re-establishment as an imperial abbey
The re-establishment of Tegernsee as an imperial abbey in 978, co-initiated by Emperor Otto II (973–983) , led to the renewal of monasticism and monastery. With the monk Froumund (1006/1012) and Abbot Ellinger (1017–1026, 1031–1041) Tegernsee became a center of literature, book art and learning; the "Tegernsee Reform" initiated by Abbot Gozbert covered a number of Bavarian monasteries. Even St. Ulrich in Augsburg was settled after its conversion into a Benedictine monastery of monks from Tegernsee (ca. 1012). The heyday of the monastery would then continue well into the 12th century, recognizable u. a. on works of literature and science created there: " Ruodlieb " (11th century, last third), Quirinals (12th century) by a Metellus from Tegernsee , " Game from the Antichrist " (1155?), Tegernsee letter collection (1178/1186).
The Alexandrian papal schism (1159–1177) saw Tegernsee largely spared from political and ecclesiastical conflict, but provided royal and papal privileges. The Counts of Andechs as Tegernseer Vögte from 1121 and the Bishop Otto II of Freising responsible for Tegernsee then again reveal the noble network that was behind the appointment of Manegold von Berg as abbot of this Bavarian monastery at the turn of the 12th to the 13th century ( 1189 / 1190–1206) stood. Walther von der Vogelweide's Tegernsee saying († approx. 1230) belongs to this time (before 1206, 1212?).
The term of office of the abbot Manegold von Berg over Tegernsee and the appointment of this abbot by a group of aristocrats around Berger, Andechser and Staufer already indicate the following development: In the 13th and 14th centuries, Tegernsee sank to a noble monastery depending on certain noble families, and It was not until the Melk reform of the 15th century that people returned to the ideals of Benedictine monasticism.
From the 15th century
The fire in the monastery in 1410 and the visitation by Vicar General Johannes Grünwalder in 1426 mark the low point and a new beginning in the development of the monastery. Tegernsee became - also with the support of the cardinal and papal legate Nikolaus von Kues - under Abbot Kaspar Ayndorffer a reform center of Benedictine monasticism at that time. In 1455 monks from Tegernsee settled in the newly founded Andechs Monastery . Tegernsee monks were abbots in Benediktbeuern , Oberaltaich , Wessobrunn u. a. In 1446 a large passion altar was consecrated for the 700th anniversary (today there are panels in Munich, Nuremberg, Berlin and Bad Feilnbach). Johannes Keck († 1450), Tegernsee delegate at the Council of Basel , wrote a work on music, the Tegernsee Prior Bernhard von Waging († 1472) wrote mystical writings. The monastery church was rebuilt around 1470. Konrad V. Ayrenschmalz also expanded the monastery library into what was then the largest library in southern Germany. Under the librarian Konrad Sartori, the Liber illuministarum was compiled in the monastery around 1500 , the largest late medieval collection of recipes for the medieval writing room, containing over 750 instructions a. a. for parchment processing, color production and gilding techniques.
The heyday of the Bavarian monastery continued into the early modern period. From 1573 there was its own monastery printing house, which u. a. printed theological, liturgical and music theory books thanks to imperial printing privileges. The monastic community survived the turmoil of the Thirty Years War (1618–1648) despite a Swedish attack on the monastery in 1632.
The monastery church and monastery building were redesigned in Baroque style from 1684/1688. The Tegernsee Monastery was a prominent member of the Bavarian Benedictine congregation founded in 1684 . During the reign of Abbot Benedikt Schwarz (until 1787) the signs of secularization emerged , which finally took place in 1803 and brought the end of the Tegernsee monastery with it. Gregor Rottenkolber , the last abbot of Tegernsee Monastery, died on February 13, 1810.
Tegernsee Castle
Most of the monastery buildings between the church and the lake fell into disrepair after secularization . In 1803, the later postmaster general Carl Josef Graf von Drechsel bought the entire monastery wing including the farm buildings for 44,000 guilders . The new owner had the entire western part of the monastery demolished and the copper from the roofs removed. He is said to have won the entire purchase price from the sales proceeds.
The still significant remainder, namely the tracts on both sides of the church, was bought by King Maximilian I Joseph in 1817 for 180,000 guilders. On 7./8. In October 1822 he received Tsar Alexander I of Russia and Emperor Franz I of Austria with their entourage for a short meeting. The king had the building redesigned by Leo von Klenze in 1823/24 and set up a country residence here.
Building history
In the center of the building complex is the former St. Quirin monastery church , which is used as a Catholic parish church . Parts of the crypt and the lower parts of the western double tower facade may come from the new construction of the monastery around 980.
In the 15th century the monastery and church were rebuilt. In 1476 the large three-aisled basilica was completed without a transept, which still forms the structural core of the monastery church today. Most of the roof structure has been preserved from her. Likewise, the two west towers on the bell storey inside still show the brick masonry from this time and also have the roof trusses of the spiers, albeit with a different outer shape.
From 1678 onwards, the church was redesigned in Baroque style according to plans by Enrico Zuccalli , with a crossing and a transept added. At that time, the rich stucco work and the complex pictorial program in the vault by Hans Georg Asam was created until around 1690 .
When the church surrounding monastery complex is today a four-winged building with plaster outline that includes two internal courtyards. The complex was built in 1678 according to the ideal plan by Enrico Zuccalli and from 1689 to 1736 by Antonio Riva , Johann Schmuzer and Johann Baptist Gunetzrhainer .
After the abolition of the monastery, significant parts of the monastery complex were demolished, especially the large staircase, the stables and the guest apartments around the courtyard in front of the church facade. Finally, around 1820, the eastern psalm choir in the church was separated and the facade was redesigned by Leo von Klenze.
From 1823 to 1824 the monastery complex was redesigned into a royal summer palace by Leo von Klenze . The complex also includes the former secretary , the so-called Apothekerstöckl, a two-storey hipped roof building with a rusticated entrance project from the 18th century.
To the south of the monastery there is a monument to Queen Caroline, which was created by Johann von Halbig in 1870 and is also a listed building.
The other buildings that were temporarily owned by the Tegernsee Monastery include Gut Kaltenbrunn and the expired Ebertshausen Castle .
Today's use of the building
The building complex still consists of the parish church of St. Quirin , the former monastery church, and the adjacent tracts to the north and south around the two courtyards, known as the Tegernsee Ducal Castle . There are also newer outbuildings of the brewery north of the historical buildings.
The Herzoglich Bayerische Brauhaus Tegernsee is located in the north wing . The first floor of the west wing, directly adjacent to the church portal, houses the Herzogliches Bräustüberl Tegernsee restaurant .
The southern tract has a mixed use. The east and south wings were purchased by the Free State of Bavaria in the 1970s and are used by the Tegernsee high school. This also includes the marble staircase and the former recreation hall of the monastery, which is decorated with rich stucco work and a baroque ceiling painting, which is now used as the school auditorium and for cultural events in the city of Tegernsee. A restaurant with a distillery is located on the ground floor of the west wing , the floors above are the private living area of the Wittelsbach branch of Herzog in Bavaria .
The local history museum "Museum Tegernseer Tal" is located in the former rectory of the monastery.
Abbots of Tegernsee
|
|
literature
- Joseph von Hefner: Achievements of the Benedictine monastery Tegernsee for art and science in: Oberbayerisches Archiv 1 (1839), pp. 15–35. [1]
- Sabine Buttinger: The Tegernsee Monastery and its structure of relationships in the 12th century (= Studies on the Old Bavarian Church History, Vol. 12), Munich 2004.
- Ludwig Holzfurtner: The Tegernsee Monastery Court (based on preliminary work by Adolf Sandberger) (= Historical Atlas of Bavaria, Altbayern Series, Vol. 54), Munich 1985.
- Sixtus Lampl : Die Klosterkirche Tegernsee , in: Oberbayerisches Archiv 100 (1975), pp. 5–141, and booklet.
- Josef Hemmerle : The Benedictine monasteries in Bavaria. (= Germania Benedictina. Volume 2) Ottobeuren 1970, p. 297 ff.
Web links
-
Tegernsee Monastery , basic data and history:
Roland Götz: Tegernsee Monastery - Benedictine center of old Bavaria in the database Monasteries in Bavaria in the House of Bavarian History - Monumenta Boica, VI. Band, "Monumenta Tegernseensia"
Individual evidence
- ↑ The presentation of early history is based on: Franz Brunhölzl: Handbook of Bavarian History: Vol. 1 - The old Bavaria, the tribal duchy until the end of the 12th century . CH Beck 1981, ISBN 3406073220 , pp. 213-214 nwN
- ^ Tegernsee voice: Message from the grave , January 29, 2016
- ↑ Münchner Merkur: Skeletons provide exciting details , February 15, 2016
- ↑ Katharina Winkler: The Alps in the early Middle Ages . Böhlau 2012, ISBN 978-3-205-78769-3 , p. 219
- ↑ Katharina Winkler: The Alps in the early Middle Ages . Böhlau 2012, ISBN 978-3-205-78769-3 , p. 296
- ↑ Katharina Winkler: The Alps in the early Middle Ages . Böhlau 2012, ISBN 978-3-205-78769-3 , pp. 292, 310, 318
- ↑ Katharina Winkler: The Alps in the early Middle Ages . Böhlau 2012, ISBN 978-3-205-78769-3 , p. 291
- ↑ Halmbacher, Hans, The Tegernseer Tal in historical pictures, Fuchs-Druck, Hausham, 1980, p. 69 f
- ↑ googlebooks Elisabeth von Preussen, p. 38
- ↑ geodaten.bayern.de: Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection - Technical Information ( Memento from April 15, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) , accessed on November 3, 2011
- ↑ a b c d geodaten.bayern.de: Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection - Technical Information ( Memento from February 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) , accessed on November 3, 2011
- ↑ geodaten.bayern.de: Bavarian State Office for Monument Protection - Specialized Information ( Memento from December 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) , accessed on November 3, 2011
Coordinates: 47 ° 42 ′ 26.8 " N , 11 ° 45 ′ 24.5" E