Honigmann method

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The Honigmann process , also known as the Honigmann shaft drilling process , is a shaft drilling process for mild , water-bearing mountains . But it was also partially applicable to harder rock layers. It is named after the Aachen mine owner Fritz Honigmann . The process was used down to a depth of 500 meters.

history

The procedure was first used in 1896. Honigmann successfully applied the method when drilling two shafts in the Oranje-Nassau concession field in Holland. Honigmann then applied the method to several other shafts in Heerlen and in the Aachen mining area. In the middle of the 20th century the method was used by the West Rhine Deep Drilling and Shaft Construction Company to build wells. The process was introduced in the People's Republic of China in 1969 and used in over 30 manholes. Towards the end of the 1970s it was used to build the Arsbeck shaft at the Sophia-Jacoba colliery . The process was superseded by the freezing process in the 20th century .

Equipment and tools required

A rotary table system with several drilling stages is required for the process. The shaft drilling device consists of a wooden or steel abyssal tower that has a minimum height of 24 meters. A three-phase motor with an output of 50 to 100 kilowatts is used to drive the drill . Between the motor and the drill there is a reduction gear and a gear drive . The engine and gearbox are connected to one another by means of a belt drive. The gear acts on a drive wheel that turns the drill. In more modern systems, the motor drives a hydraulic torque converter, which then drives the drive wheel. The drive wheel is stored in the abbey tower at a height of about five meters. Several drills of different sizes are used for the actual drilling. The diameter of the drill depends on the strength of the rock to be drilled . In the case of loose rock, the drill bits are covered with carbide-tipped knives, while roller drills are used in hard rock. The number of revolutions in loose rock is eight revolutions per minute, in moderately firm rock, at least twice the speed must be drilled. The drill pipe is hollow inside so that compressed air can be pressed through the pipe . The compressed air is blown through a compressed air line to a depth of 20 to 100 meters. There the compressed air is blown into the drill pipe. In order to remove the drilling debris rising from the bottom of the borehole, it is removed with a kind of mammoth pump. A clarifier is required to separate the cuttings. Cyclones are needed to remove sand .

The drilling process

Before the actual shaft is drilled, an exploratory borehole is first made in the vicinity of the shaft starting point with a diameter of up to 110 millimeters. Next, a concrete ring is up to the water table or to the verge sunk . In order to drill the shaft, a pilot hole with a diameter of up to two meters is first drilled, if possible up to the intended final depth of the shaft. The shaft is then drilled further in several drilling stages until it has reached its final diameter. During the drilling process, the drill rotates in what is known as "dead water". In order to keep the borehole wall stable while drilling, it is kept under counter pressure by means of a clay mud mixed with the water. The slurried colloidal clay artificially gives the water a higher density and thus the water column a greater weight. The counterpressure of the clay pulp is thus greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the water. The column of liquid must be up to the bottom of the lawn. The drilling debris that arises during drilling is brought out above ground through the drill rod with the aid of compressed air . Since the drilling diameter is too large to generate a sufficient mud velocity with direct mud, the cuttings must be removed from the borehole by means of indirect mud. The mixture of compressed air and drilling sludge rises in the rods at a speed of 2.5 to three meters per second. This means that even larger boulders with a weight of 30 kilograms and a diameter of 0.25 meters can be flushed upwards. The cuttings are flushed through the flushing hose into a clarifier. There the cuttings are separated from the cuttings and the cuttings are returned to the shaft. Fine sand is separated in a cyclone separator. After the shaft has been drilled into the solid rock, the shaft lining is installed . A cast-iron layer is used for the watertight expansion .

Application, problems and their elimination

The method is very well suited for creating shafts in layers of floating sand. Layers of clay can also be pierced with the method, since the clay is prevented from swelling in by the drilling mud. The water inflow from the mountains can be of any size in the process. In the case of solid, banky layers with many adjacent detachment surfaces and fissures , rubble can fall down. Mountain faults and cavities are also problematic . No dismantling is required during the sinking process. In the case of bulky layers, additional sheet steel cylinders attached to wire ropes are brought into the borehole using a winch to secure the shaft joints . The liquid level of the clay pulp must be even down to the turf. If there is high groundwater , the foreshaft must be bricked up to a height of five meters above the turf. The pre-shaft is filled with clay sludge so that the required counter pressure is already available at the beginning of the pilot hole.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Carl Hellmut Fritzsche: Textbook of mining studies. Second volume, 10th edition, Springer Verlag, Berlin / Göttingen / Heidelberg 1962.
  3. ↑ a b Horst Roschlau, Wolfram Heinze, SDAG Wismut (Hrsg.): Knowledge storage mining technology. 1st edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1974, pp. 195–199.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining studies. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 .
  5. ↑ a b Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering manual mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 .
  6. ↑ a b c d Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 6th improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903.
  7. ↑ a b c F. Freise: Alignment, installation and mining of hard coal deposits. Publishing house by Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908.