Shaft drilling process

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The shaft drilling process is a process with which shafts are created by drilling with the help of different machines. The various shaft drilling methods were developed from drilling methods with smaller diameters.

history

The first shaft to be built using the shaft drilling method was built in 1824 by the mountain jury Heyn in Bochum . However, this shaft was a 47 centimeter wide, drivable borehole. In the 1840s, the engineer Kindermann had several drivable boreholes with a diameter of up to 0.94 meters. Major Honigmann improved Kindermann's procedure. In 1844, the French engineer Charles Combes took up Kindermann's method again and suggested creating shafts using the drilling method. In the years 1846 to 1853, Major Honigmann had three weather shafts with a diameter of 0.62 to 0.86 meters built using the improved Kindermann drilling method. The French engineer Mulot, who had already been involved in the drilling of shafts before Kindermann, had a shaft with a diameter of 3.5 meters drilled in the Pas-de-Calais district in 1844 . From 1849, the German engineer Carl Gotthelf Kind , later together with the engineer Chaudron, developed a shaft drilling method for solid rock. This child chaudron method was used very often in the 19th century. In 1896, the Honigmann process developed by the mine owner Friedrich Honigmann in Aachen was used for the first time. In 1977 a shaft with a diameter of seven meters was created in Saarland for the first time using shaft drilling methods. In the 1980s, other shaft drilling methods were developed around the world.

Basics

When manholes are created in water-rich mountains , problems often arise with the water running into the manhole. In particular, if the drainage is too expensive and extensive, it is better to drill shafts than conventionally sunk . But the shaft drilling methods have also proven themselves in areas with floating sand layers and mountain faults. Shaft drilling methods can also be used to create shafts with a smaller diameter, for which conventional methods are not suitable. Which method is used depends primarily on the drillability of the particular rock. However, not every method is suitable for every mountain range. With relatively low personnel requirements compared to the conventional shaft sinking method and a lower risk of accidents, the rock can be continuously loosened and removed during shaft drilling. With improved machines and drives and improved drilling techniques, any type of rock and rock can be penetrated.

The proceedings

With the respective drilling methods, the rock is destroyed by four different types of energy input. There are thrusting, hammering, rotary hammering and rotating drilling methods. The individual shaft drilling methods are divided into methods with rods and methods without rods. Many methods have been developed based on the Kind & Chaudron and Honigmann methods. A shaft drilling method was developed by Lippmann & Co. This Lippmann-Mauget method is similar to the Kind & Chaudron method. Methods such as raise boring , down reaming and the air lifting method have been developed for the methods with rods . The air lift process is a further development of the Honigmann process. The rotary drilling method is used for stable and non-stable rock . In the case of the method without rods, the shaft is created either with a hanging die drilling machine or a shaft lowering system.

application

When drilling a shaft, a distinction is made between drilling in one go and shaft drilling on a pilot hole. When drilling in one go, the shaft is created without a pilot hole. When drilling a shaft with a pilot hole, a pilot hole with a smaller diameter is first created. This pilot hole is mainly carried out as a core drill hole and created over the planned shaft depth . This allows the respective overburden conditions and possible disturbances to be explored in advance of the shaft to be constructed. If the shaft to be drilled has already been driven under with a pit , the shaft is pre-drilled on this pit. After the pilot hole has been created, the shaft is then created in its full diameter . The rod is pulled either down or up, depending on the drilling method. If the rod is pulled down when drilling a shaft, this process is known as die drilling. If the rod is pulled upwards, this is called break-open drilling. Drilling without rods is always done from top to bottom as die drilling. The cuttings are either flushed upwards in the shaft or they fall through the pre-drilled hole onto the bottom of the pit and are carried away from there . Finally, the drilled shaft is provided with a corresponding shaft extension.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Walter Bischoff , Heinz Bramann, Westfälische Berggewerkschaftskasse Bochum: The small mining dictionary. 7th edition, Verlag Glückauf GmbH, Essen 1988, ISBN 3-7739-0501-7 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Ernst-Ulrich Reuther: Textbook of mining science. First volume, 12th edition, VGE Verlag GmbH, Essen 2010, ISBN 978-3-86797-076-1 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e F. Freise: Alignment, installation and mining of hard coal deposits. Publishing house by Craz & Gerlach, Freiberg in Sachsen 1908.
  4. ^ Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining science. 6th improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1903.
  5. ^ A b Gustav Köhler: Textbook of mining history. Second improved edition, published by Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig 1887.
  6. ↑ Heinz Zackerzewski: First shaft drilling with a diameter of 7.0 meters in Saarland . In: Deilmann-Haniel GmbH. (Ed.): Our company, company magazine for the companies of the Deilmann-Haniel Group. No. 24, Druck Brinck & Co. (Essen), Dortmund-Kurl December 1979, pp. 13-14
  7. ↑ a b c d e f g Peter Schmäh, Benjamin Künstle, Nobert Handke, Erhard Berger: Further development and perspectives of mechanized shaft sinking technology . In: Glückauf 143, trade journal for raw materials, mining and energy. No. 4, VGE Verlag Essen, Essen 2007, ISSN  0340-7896 , pp. 161-172
  8. ↑ a b H. Tudeshi, Thomas Hardebusch: Direct mineral exploration. In: Hossein H. Tudeshi (Ed.) AMS Online GmbH: Advanced Mining Solutions. 2009, No. 2, pp. 4-22
  9. ↑ Horst Roschlau, Wolfram Heinze, SDAG Wismut (Hrsg.): Knowledge storage mining technology. 1st edition. German publishing house for basic industry, Leipzig 1974, pp. 195–199.
  10. ^ Heinrich Otto Buja: Engineering handbook mining technology, deposits and extraction technology. 1st edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH Berlin-Vienna-Zurich, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-410-22618-5 .