Ibicaba

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ibicaba (also plantation or Brazilian fazenda ) is an estate in the municipality of Cordeirópolis , independent of Limeira in the state of São Paulo in Brazil since 1948 . The name Ibicaba means fertile earth and is derived from the native language Tupi ( ibi = 'earth / soil'; caba = 'fat' or 'fertile').

Photo: Ibicaba
The Ibicaba Estate
The Senator Vergueiro
Senator Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro, lithograph by Sebastien Auguste Sisson, 1861

The Ibicaba Estate was founded in 1817. It was initially owned by Senator Nicolau Pereira de Campos Vergueiro until his death in 1859. It was of historical significance for activities and events in the region and the history of Brazil, for example:

  • 1828 the cultivation of coffee in the Limeiras region
  • the immigration to the country subsidized by private individuals, that is, the employment of foreign workers, while the agricultural workers in Brazil were mostly slaves at that time.
  • from 1847 the use of the plow on Brazilian soil
  • around 1850 the use of machines that were driven by steam engines

The Ibicaba Estate covers approximately 222 hectares , which is a small estate compared to the large estates in the region, which have 500 to 700 hectares. Today sugar cane is mainly grown. However, some installations from the coffee-growing era have been preserved and are now used as tourist attractions. Ibicaba is one of the country estates in the area with the most visitors.

Emergence

Until the 18th century, the region in which the Ibicaba farm is located was densely forested, sparsely populated and hardly used. The few settlers were owners from Minas Gerais who had settled along the so-called "Picadão de Cuiabá", that is, along a road from São Paulo through the area, where settlements emerged like Sorocaba , Itu , Piracicaba , Rio Claro , and further towards Mato Grosso .

The giant trees along the road suggested red earth, very fertile soil. Knowing this, owners of neighboring cities such as Piracicaba, Campinas , Itu and São Paulo asked the government for arable land so that they could cultivate it.

One of the areas that stood out for its productivity was the arable land of the Morro Azul. This land has been distributed. Senator Nicolau Verguero auctioned part of it in 1817. Here he built the Ibicaba sugar mill, designed to produce sugar and schnapps. It was expanded to include the Brigadier Luis Antônio de Souza, one of the richest men of his time.

At that time Vergueiro already owned other lands which he had acquired with his brother-in-law. His brother-in-law was the captain José de Andrade e Vasconcellos, whose daughter Maria Angelica de Vasconcellos he had married in 1804. Just one year earlier, in 1803, he had come to Brazil from Vale da Porca in Portugal at the age of 25 .

Vergueiro worked as a lawyer until 1816 and dealt with administrative tasks in the provincial capital. Even in his time, he was considered a person with influence in political and economic circles.

development

As was customary for the colonization of arable land at that time, Vergueiro had sugar mills set up on his new acquisitions, slaves and free workers and occupiers who had unsettled the area driven out. For clearing he chose the area at the foot of the Morro Azul, where he had the productive core of his sugar mill built in 1817. This facility was on a relatively flat surface and had a considerable number of springs, which was very positive for the cultivation of plants.

With the death of Captain Luís Antônio in 1817, the company was dissolved and the then sugar mill fell to Vergueiro.

In view of the high price of sugar on the international market and the Brazilian policy which had turned to promoting sugar cane cultivation, Vergueiro set up a sugar mill on the estates he had acquired. This mill produced about 9 tons of white sugar, 6 tons of second quality sugar and about 450 kg of raw sugar in 1820. In 1825 Vergueiro moved to a newly built country house in Ibicaba. This year the modernization started and the estate got going. Over time, the sugar mill became one of the largest in the region.

However, Vergueiro turned to coffee growing as early as 1828. In that year he planted the first 6000 coffee trees with the help of slaves. It was the first plantation of its kind in the Limeira region and the beginning was a kind of test with the new fruits. It was the year he became Senator from Minas Gerais, a lifelong position he held for 31 years, from 1828 to 1859, the year he died.

Coffee cultivation did not end sugar cane production immediately. This was gradually replaced by the new product. Planting both of them was common during a period when the production areas were adapting to the global economy. The profitability of the coffee plantation grew rapidly, however, and gradually sugar cane cultivation gave way to the new fruit culture.

At that time the property lost its importance as a mill and became increasingly known as the Ibicaba Estate. His success with the new product even prompted neighboring landowners to start growing coffee, particularly from 1840 when sugar began to lose its commercial value as an export product.

Paid workers

Although coffee production had started in 1828, production on the Ibicaba estate was still limited by the small number of slaves Vergueiro owned and who were still the main engine of the productive system in Brazil. For the flourishing coffee industry in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, around 50,000 African slaves were brought to the Brazilian southeast between 1830 and 1850. However, slave labor became more and more expensive. Factors such as restrictions on the international slave trade and the expansion of farms in the interior of São Paulo reduced the supply and increased the demand for more expensive labor.

In light of this scenario, Vergueiro decided to hire paid immigrant families to work in his settlements. To this end, he founded the company Casa Vergueiro & Cia in 1846, which was responsible for recruiting workers from their countries of origin, as well as for transport and management on the farm. The arrangement was called the parceria system, similar to the debt system practiced in the United States. Johann Jakob von Tschudi , who later negotiated with the imperial ministers as a special envoy in the then capital Rio de Janeiro , spoke of a system of half-leasing.

The parceria contract was signed before the family entered Brazil. He demanded that the farmer and his family should grow a certain number of coffee bushes on the land assigned to him. The payment would be a percentage of the annual net sales of the product produced and would be partly in kind and partly in cash. The immigrant family could plant food for their own consumption on some areas of the coffee plantations and, in the event of a surplus, sell this to other families, towns and communities. In this case, she should give half of the profit to the landowner.

So the landlord, Vergueiro, used the capital, that is, the land, the plantations. The families meanwhile put their work, their tools, the cultivation of their own crops, the clearing and the harvests to use. The profit made by the family had to cover the expenses incurred in their favor, such as seafaring, land transport, advances for groceries and grocery purchases and purchases in the farm's warehouses, as well as the interest due at the time of payment. This left immigrant settlers with little, if any, money.

After the start with Vergueiro, the parceria system was extended to several other coffee farms in the interior of São Paulo.

First settlers in Ibicaba

The settlement began in 1840 when 80 or 90 Portuguese families from the Minho region in Portugal signed contracts. The Senador Vergueiro colony was established on the Ibicaba estate.

However, the attempt was unsuccessful for political reasons. Vergueiro was embroiled in the liberal revolution of 1842, which was defeated by the national government. During this time he was forced to leave his estate. Senator Vergueiro was then arrested in São Paulo and many of these immigrant families left the Ibicaba estate during his absence.

The unrest had prevented more immigrant families from coming to the farm for some time, which was only resumed in 1846 with the establishment of Casa Vergueiro & Cia in collaboration with his sons José and Luiz.

In July 1847, Vergueiro encouraged the arrival of 423 farmers or 64 families from Germany, especially Prussian, Bavarian and Rhenish immigrants as well as Holstein farmers. They joined 215 slaves and seven remaining Portuguese families who immigrated with the 1840 group, and again formed the Senador Vergueiro colony. The recruitment of German immigrants was made possible by a three-year loan from the state government.

Climax

Sugar mill of São Carlos in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Watercolor by Hércules Florence, 1840.

In order to be successful, the settlers had to compensate for the investments made by Vergueiro. For this reason, the partnership agreement signed between the landlord and each settler played a key role. He forced the farmers to carry the sea route from Europe to Santos and the subsequent transport to the Ibicaba estate. Vergueiro & Cia financed both routes, which later had to be repaid by the immigrant family at 6 percent annual interest. In some cases the annual interest charged was 12 percent.

With the contract and management of Vergueiro and his son José, the system managed to both increase profitability and get families to stay on the estate. The success of the estate became known nationwide and other establishments began to consider swapping slave labor for wage labor. Vergueiro & Cia's services have even been used by other landowners in the area to hire workers under a parceria system.

The Ibicaba plantation received more families after the waves of immigration in 1840 and 1846/1847, 1849, 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857 and 1862, most of whom were of German origin. They were engaged in growing coffee, while slaves cultivated sugar cane and other crops. Many of the immigrants were artisans, blacksmiths, or carpenters, which contributed to the estate's growth.

With the development, new tools were used in Ibicaba. In 1847 the plow was first used to grow coffee; Ox carts with wheels attached to the axle were replaced by the lighter, faster, fixed axle cart. Vergueiro also invented a coffee peeler that cleaned around 1000 arrobas (15 tons) a day.

Ibicaba Estate then began manufacturing agricultural instruments and delivering them to other estates. This made it a role model for others, with a huge structure and strong coffee production. In the 1860s it already had the largest coffee plantation in Brazil with 1.25 million coffee bushes and a yard for drying the product of 60,000 square meters (six hectares). In its heyday, 700 families or more than 3,000 people, slaves and immigrants lived on the Ibicaba Estate.

Decline of the parceria system

In December 1856 there was an uprising on the Ibicaba estate under the leadership of the Swiss Thomas Davatz . However, it was short-lived and too local. Therefore, it did not lead to immediate improvements for the colonists, but had long-term effects based on Davatz's report.

Since 1857, hardly any settlers from Germany or Switzerland have come to work in the parceria system. Switzerland appointed Johann Jakob von Tschudi as special envoy. He had excellent relationships with various diplomats, the Brazilian nobility, the business community in the coastal cities and the Brazilian government. He also got the support of Austria and Germany, especially Prussia.

From the year of the uprising, the business model fell into disrepair. The parceria system has been abandoned in most of the coffee plantations in inland São Paulo.

After 1856, the Ibicaba star faded as an example for other coffee plantations. Senator Vergueiro died in 1859; At that time, Vergueiro & Cia was already being run by his children, and the plantation itself by José Vergueiro.

After the uprising in Ibicaba, José no longer believed in the work of the immigrants and no longer hired foreign families. He was counting on slaves again. In 1865 the Vergueiro & Cia company went bankrupt. Possibly it was a maneuver to evade debt to the communities that the company still owed repayments. In any case, the bankruptcy confirmed the demise of the parceria system. Even so, the Ibicaba estate, which was already experiencing major financial problems, peaked at 54,896 bushels (27.5 tons) this year. The area also served as a training ground for soldiers who fought in the Paraguay War .

The war sparked an economic crisis in Brazil. Despite this, the Ibicaba train station within the estate was inaugurated in 1876, which made it easier to transport coffee to the coast.

But the plantation was already falling into disrepair. In 1887 there were 400 slaves and only 50 free workers. These were no longer Germanic descent of the first waves, but mostly Italian.

Post-Vergueiro era

In that year, parts of the estate had already been sold and the coffee area and production had shrunk. In 1889, a year after the abolition of slavery in Brazil, Ibicaba was bought by Colonel Flamínio Ferreira de Camargo in collaboration with the Simão and José Levy brothers, former settlers who had arrived on the estate in 1857. Along with them, other shops were added. At the time, the farm covered 2,427 hectares.

After a few years the brothers bought part of the estate from Colonel Camargo. Simon left to do business in urban real estate in Limeira while José focused on the estate. In 1910 he built a new large house. Vergueiro's house stayed there for another 10 years, but was demolished and set on fire after a tuberculosis outbreak in 1920.

The Levy brothers opened an export-oriented commission house in Santos, giving Ibicaba some of the importance it once held. In 1926 there were about half a million coffee bushes, but other plantations already numbered more than three million coffee bushes. In 1928, then Colonel José Levy died. The estate was left to his descendants, while the Simons kept the property in Limeira. In 1929 the world crisis resulted in coffee losing many markets as an export product. After the loss in value and the division between several heirs in 1975, only 222 acres remained around the headquarters of the 2,427 hectares originally acquired by the Levys. That year it was sold to the Carvalhaes family who still own the property to this day.

Ibicaba since the end of the 20th century

In 1996 the property started tourism. Since then, it has received a significant number of visitors from both home and abroad. However, most of the income comes from the sugarcane growing business. The land is leased to the Iracema mill.

Ibicaba also found its way into art. The historical novel Ibicaba comes from the Swiss writer Eveline Hasler . The paradise in their heads , in which they accompanied the Swiss settlers led by Thomas Davatz on their emigration and settlement in Brazil.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  2. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  3. ↑ Larissa CS Jordão and Luiz Alberto Gouvêa: HISTÓRIA DA MIGRAÇÃO PAULISTA: O CASO DE SÃO CARLOS-SP. 2014, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  4. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  5. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  6. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  7. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  8. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  9. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  10. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  11. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  12. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  13. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  14. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  15. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  16. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  17. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  18. ↑ André Munhoz de Argollo Ferrão: Colonos na fazenda Ibicaba, Empresarios em Piracicaba: a evolução sócio-Econômica de um grupo de Imigrantes alemães (1850-1880) (PDF Download Available). In: Anais do III Congresso Brasileiro de História Económica e 4a Conferencia internacional de História de Empresas. Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em História Económica (Brazilian Economic History Society), 2014, accessed December 7, 2019 (English, Portuguese).
  19. ↑ Katharina Bosl von Papp: From the end of the slave trade to abolition. The Struggle for the Abolition of Slavery in Brazil, 1850-1888. In: Eva Dietrich, Roman Rossfeld and Béatrice Ziegler (eds.): The dream of happiness. Swiss emigration to Brazilian coffee plantations 1852-1888 . Accompanying publication to the exhibition of the same name at the Johann Jacobs Museum, Collection on the Cultural History of Coffee, Zurich, December 1, 2002 to April 7, 2003. hier + now, Verlag für Kultur und Geschichte, Baden 2003, ISBN 3-906419-61-4 , p. 116 .
  20. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  21. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  22. ↑ José Sacchetta Ramos Mendes: Desígnos da lei de terras: Imigração, escravismo e propriedade fundiária no Brasil Império. (PDF) In: Caderno CRH, vol. 22. núm. 55, enero-april, 2009, pp 173-181. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil, 2009, pp. 173-184 , accessed December 7, 2019 (Portuguese).
  23. ↑ Mateussada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  24. ^ Paul-Emile Schazmann and Eugène Pittard: Johann Jakob von Tschudi: researcher, doctor, diplomat. Translated from the French by Dr. A. Lätt. In: Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus. Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus, 1956, p. 147 , accessed on December 14, 2019 .
  25. ↑ José Sacchetta Ramos Mendes: Desígnos da lei de terras: Imigração, escravismo e propriedade fundiária no Brasil Império. (PDF) In: Caderno CRH, vol. 22. núm. 55, enero-april, 2009, pp 173-181. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil, 2009, pp. 173-184 , accessed December 7, 2019 (Portuguese).
  26. ↑ Rodrigo de Andrade Calsani: O imigrante italiano nos corredores dos cafezais: Cotidiano econômico na old Mogiana (1887-1914). Diss.Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2010, accessed on December 7, 2019 (Portuguese).
  27. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  28. ↑ José Sacchetta Ramos Mendes: Desígnos da lei de terras: Imigração, escravismo e propriedade fundiária no Brasil Império. (PDF) In: Caderno CRH, vol. 22. núm. 55, enero-april, 2009, pp 173-181. Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brasil, 2009, pp. 173-184 , accessed December 7, 2019 (Portuguese).
  29. ↑ André Munhoz de Argollo Ferrão: Colonos na fazenda Ibicaba, Empresarios em Piracicaba: a evolução sócio-Econômica de um grupo de Imigrantes alemães (1850-1880) (PDF Download Available). In: Anais do III Congresso Brasileiro de História Económica e 4a Conferencia internacional de História de Empresas. Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em História Económica (Brazilian Economic History Society), 2014, accessed December 7, 2019 (English, Portuguese).
  30. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  31. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  32. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  33. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  34. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  35. ↑ José Sacchetta José Mendes: Desígnios da lei de terras: imigração, escravismo e propriedade fundiária no Brasil Imperio. (PDF) In: Caderno CRH, vol. 22, núm. 55, enero-april. Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2009, accessed December 13, 2019 (Portuguese).
  36. ↑ José Sacchetta Ramos Mendes: Desígnios da le de terras: Imigração, escravismo e propriedade fundária no Brasil Imperio. In: Caderno CRH, vol. 27, núm. 55 enero-april 2009. Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2009, accessed on 14 December 2019 (Portuguese).
  37. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escra vidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  38. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  39. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  40. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  41. ↑ André Munhoz de Argollo Ferrão: Colonos na fazenda Ibicaba, Empresarios em Piracicaba: a evolução sócio-Econômica de um grupo de Imigrantes alemães (1850-1880) (PDF Download Available). In: Anais do III Congresso Brasileiro de História Económica e 4a Conferencia internacional de História de Empresas. Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores em História Económica (Brazilian Economic History Society), 2014, accessed December 7, 2019 (English, Portuguese).
  42. ↑ Felipe Landim Ribeiro Mendes: Ibicaba revisitada outra vez: espaço, escravidão e trabalho livre no oeste paulista. In: Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material. Museu Paulista da Universidade de São Paulo, 2017, accessed December 6, 2019 (Portuguese).
  43. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  44. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  45. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  46. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  47. ↑ Thomas Davatz: The treatment of the colonists in the province of St. Paulo in Brazil and their uprising against their oppressors . An emergency and help call to the authorities and philanthropists of the countries to which the colonists belonged. Portrayed by the former colonist Thomas Davatz. Leonh. Hitz, Chur 1858 ( bsb-muenchen.de ).
  48. ^ Paul-Emile Schazmann and Eugène Pittard: Johann Jakob von Tschudi: researcher, doctor, diplomat (translated from French by A. Lätt) . In: Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus (ed.): Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus . tape 57 , 1956, especially p. 142, chapter 28: Reception by the Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil. Conclusion of an agreement to alleviate the fate of the Swiss colonists in Brazil .
  49. ^ Paul-Emile Schazmann and Eugène Pittard: Johann Jakob von Tschudi: researcher, doctor, diplomat (translated from French by A. Lätt). In: Yearbook of the Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus. Edited by Historical Association of the Canton of Glarus, 1956, accessed on December 13, 2019 (especially Chapter 28: Reception by the Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil. Conclusion of an agreement to alleviate the fate of the Swiss colonists in Brazil ).
  50. ↑ Rodrigo de Andrade Calsani: O imigrante italiano nos corredores dos cafezais: Cotidiano econômico na old Mogiana (1887-1914). Diss.Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2010, accessed on December 7, 2019 (Portuguese).
  51. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  52. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  53. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  54. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  55. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  56. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  57. ↑ Mateus Rosada, María Angela PCS Bortolucci, Vladimir Benincasa: Ibicaba, uma fazenda de café modelo. In: Congress ot the TICCIH. The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage, 2009, accessed December 5, 2019 (Portuguese).
  58. ↑ Eveline Hasler: Ibicaba. The paradise in the mind. Novel . 5th edition. Nagel & Kimche, Zurich 1986, ISBN 3-312-00114-5 .
  59. ↑ SRF: Ibicaba. In: literary magazine. SRF, September 15, 1985, accessed on May 18, 2020 (Swiss German).

Coordinates: 22 ° 30 ′ 8.2 ″  S , 47 ° 28 ′ 28.8 ″  W.