Infectious tumor

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Tasmanian devil infectious tumor

An infectious tumor (synonymous with clonal transmissible tumor ) is a tumor that can be transmitted through infection routes. They differ from tumors that are caused by oncoviruses or carcinogenic bacteria ( oncoviral and oncobacterial tumors ) in that these pathogens are absent. Therefore, the tumor cells of all individuals in the chain of infection form a clone .

history

dogs

As early as 1876, the sticker sarcoma (synonym CTVT , from English canine transmissible venereal tumor , transmissible sex tumor of the dog) was described as an infectious tumor in dogs by MA Novinsky. In 1906, Anton Sticker described this disease in more detail. The development of the sticker sarcoma is believed to have occurred between 500 BC. BC and 9300 BC It is the oldest existing animal cell line . According to a study by the University of Cambridge with Four Paws , the tumor first appeared in dogs in Asia around 8,500 to 4,000 years ago. Since its inception, sticker sarcoma has accumulated around 1.9 million mutations , and 646 genes have been deleted . Sticker sarcoma is transmitted sexually and orally. About 500 years ago it spread in dog populations around the world.

Golden hamster

The first evidence of the lack of other tumor-causing pathogen in a transmitted tumor was carried out in 1964 on a contagious Retikulumzell - Sarcoma from a Syrian golden hamster . This tumor could be transmitted experimentally by mosquitoes.

Tasmanian devil

In 1996, an infectious tumor is in Australia for the first time bag devil (Tasmanian Devil) that have been described, Devil Facial Tumor Disease (DFTD). It is assumed that a genetic bottleneck or a low variability of the main histocompatibility complexes contribute to an easier transmission. This tumor is usually transmitted through facial bites and represents a threat to the already threatened species , which is why resettlement programs of marsupial devils to isolated islands have already been carried out. Analyzes showed that the tumor cells probably developed from Schwann cells . These usually multiply for a short time in the event of injury as part of the healing process. In the meantime, another infectious cancer (DFTD2) has been identified in the Tasmanian devil, which differs significantly from the conventional cancer in structure and chromosome structure.

human

Only individual cases of the transmission of tumors have been described in healthy people, which, however, could not maintain a chain of infection because they cannot be transmitted to other people. About 0.04% of the recipients of an organ transplant develop metastases from malignant cells of the donor, mostly melanomas , under the immunosuppression , and about 0.06% of the recipients of hematopoietic stem cells acquire a malignant hematological disease. About a third of organ recipients whose donors had a diagnosed tumor developed the same disease. However, these studies do not distinguish between non-infectious tumors, infectious tumors, oncoviral tumors, and oncobacterial tumors caused spontaneously by mutation . Furthermore, transplanted tumors do not lead to a continuous chain of infections in humans.

Shellfish

A leukemia- like infectious neoplasm is one of the six most harmful pathogens of the mussel Mya arenaria . In 2016, such infectious neoplasms were also described in several other mussel families: in the blue mussel Mytilus trossulus , in the cockle Cerastoderma edule and in the clam Polititapes aureus . The cell line in P. aureus is originally from another clam, Venerupis corrugata .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ MA Novinski: On the question of the vaccination of cancerous tumors. In: Zentralbl Med Wissensch. (1876), Volume 14, pp. 790-791.
  2. ↑ C. Murgia, JK Pritchard, SY Kim, A. Fassati, RA Weiss: Clonal origin and evolution of a transmissible cancer. In: Cell (2006), Volume 126 (3), pp. 477-487. PMID 16901782 , PMC 2593932 (free full text).
  3. ^ ID O'Neill: Concise review: transmissible animal tumors as models of the cancer stem-cell process. In: Stem Cells (2011), Volume 29 (12), pp. 1909-1914. doi: 10.1002 / stem.751 . PMID 21956952 .
  4. ↑ a b c H. G. Parker, EA Ostrander: Hiding in Plain View-An Ancient Dog in the Modern World. In: Science. 343, 2014, pp. 376–378, doi: 10.1126 / science.1248812 .
  5. ↑ Somatic evolution and global expansion of an ancient transmissible cancer lineage , August 2, 2019 in Science.sciencemag.org.
  6. ↑ Dogs have been plagued by sexually transmitted tumors for thousands of years , August 1, 2019 in Derstandard.at.
  7. ↑ How a dog tumor spread worldwide , August 2, 2019 in Science.orf.at.
  8. ↑ HL Copper, CM Mackay, WG Banfield: Chromosome studies of a contagious reticulum cell sarcoma of the syrian hamster. In: J Natl Cancer Inst . (1964), Volume 33, pp. 691-706. PMID 14220251 .
  9. ^ WG Banfield, PA Woke, CM Mackay, HL Cooper: Mosquito transmission of as reticulum cell sarcoma of hamsters. In: Science (1965), vol. 148 (3674), pp. 1239-1240. PMID 14280009 .
  10. ↑ AM Pearse, K. Swift: Allograft theory: transmission of devil facial-tumor disease. In: Nature (2006), vol. 439 (7076), p. 549. PMID 16452970 .
  11. ^ K. Belov: The role of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in the spread of contagious cancers. In: Mamm Genome. (2011), Volume 22 (1-2), pp. 83-90. PMID 20963591 .
  12. ↑ A. Viciano 2018 on SZ Online
  13. ↑ Calla Wahlquist: Tasmanian devils can catch second strain of facial cancer, say researchers . In: The Guardian , December 30, 2015
  14. ↑ Elizabeth P. Murchison: Clonally transmissible cancers in dogs and Tasmanian devils . In: Oncogene , 2008 Dec; 27, Suppl 2, pp. S19-30. PMID 19956175 , doi: 10.1038 / onc.2009.350 .
  15. ↑ HV Gärtner, C. Seidl, C. Luckenbach, G. Schumm, E. Seifried, H. Ritter, B. Bültmann: Genetic analysis of a sarcoma accidentally transplanted from a patient to a surgeon. In: N Engl J Med . , Volume 335 (20), 1996, pp. 1494-1496. PMID 8890100 . doi: 10.1056 / NEJM199611143352004 .
  16. ^ JS Welsh: Contagious cancer. In: Oncologist (2011), Volume 16 (1), pp. 1-4. PMID 21212437 ; PMC 3228048 (free full text).
  17. ^ I. Penn: Tumors arising in organ transplant recipients. In: Adv Cancer Res . (1978), Vol. 28, pp. 31-61. PMID 360796 .
  18. ^ MJ Metzger, C. Reinisch, J. Sherry, SP Goff: Horizontal transmission of clonal cancer cells causes leukemia in soft-shell clams. In: Cell. Volume 161, number 2, April 2015, ISSN  1097-4172 , pp. 255-263, doi: 10.1016 / j.cell.2015.02.042 , PMID 25860608 , PMC 4393529 (free full text).
  19. ↑ NG Taraska, S. Anne Böttger: Selective initiation and transmission of disseminated neoplasia in the soft shell clam Mya arenaria dependent on natural disease prevalence and animal size. In: Journal of invertebrate pathology. Volume 112, number 1, January 2013, ISSN  1096-0805 , pp. 94-101, doi: 10.1016 / j.jip.2012.10.001 , PMID 23079141 .
  20. ↑ Michael J. Metzger et al .: Widespread transmission of independent cancer lineages within multiple bivalve species . Nature, 2016, doi: 10.1038 / nature18599 .