Ise katagami

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Paper stencil ( katagami ) with flying bats (1780–1830) ( Cooper-Hewitt Museum )

Katagami ( Japanese 型 紙 ) or Ise-katagami ( 伊 勢 形 紙 or 伊 勢 型 紙 ) is a technique used in Japanese craftsmanship to make paper stencils for dyeing fabrics. The city of Suzuka in Mie Prefecture is considered the center of this craftsmanship . Japanese paper ( 和 紙 ), which is glued together in several layers, is used as the starting material . The juice that serves as an adhesive Kaki -Frucht which gives the paper also its characteristic brown color. To fix the paper stencils for dyeing kimonos on the fabric, human hair was used in the past, today mostly dimensionally stable gauze made of silk.

overview

The term katagami has two spellings as well as two uses in Japanese. First of all , it describes patterns as they are used in the tailoring trade to make clothes. Katagami is also a general term for paper stencils. The use of the term in different craftsmanship is accompanied by two different spellings.

Firstly, using a combination of the two characters for kami ( 紙 , paper) and katachi ( 形 , "(outer) form, shape, figure, pattern"), on the other hand the combination of the character paper and the Kanji kata ( 型 , "(Cast) form, template, die, pattern, model").

If it should be emphasized that the katagami are used as stencils for dyeing fabrics, then the name is expanded to Ise-katagami ( 伊 勢 形 紙 ). Ise is the name of the old province of Ise , which today largely corresponds to the prefecture of Mie . The daimyo of the province of Ise had a monopoly on the manufacture and sale of stencils in the Edo period . During this period up to the subsequent Meiji period , katagami were mainly used in the first-mentioned spelling with the character katachi ( 形 ), for example on the licenses for traveling traders. From the Taishō period following the Meiji period , both spellings for katagami are found. When it came to differentiating the spellings is still unclear.

In 1959 the Office for Cultural Affairs named Ise-Katagami in the spelling 伊 勢 型 紙 as an intangible cultural asset worthy of protection. Since then, this spelling has been used in the cultural and educational sectors. In addition, in 1978 the Ministry of Economic Affairs declared Ise-Katagami in the competing spelling 伊 勢 形 紙 to be a traditional handicraft worthy of protection. Therefore, this spelling is used in the craft and trade sector. Put simply, the difference between culture and craft or trade is reflected in the competing spellings today.

The cooperative ( 伊 勢 型 紙 産地 協議 会 ) was founded in 2008 to promote trade and commerce, and among other things had its name protected by the patent office . At the request of this company, Ise-Katagami ( 伊 勢 型 紙 ) was registered as a trademark in 2009 . The city of Suzuka also generally uses the name in this spelling.

Preservation of craftsmanship

In 1992 the "Society for the Preservation of Ise Katagami" ( 伊 勢 型 紙 技術 保存 会 , Ise Katagami Gijutsu Hozonkai ) was founded. In the following year, 1993, the Ise Katagami technology was declared an important intangible cultural asset. In 1997 the Ise Katagami Art Museum ( 伊 勢 型 紙 美術館 ) opened in Suzuka. In addition, six people were honored as Living National Treasures in the Dye / Textiles category.

Manufacturing

Dōgu-bori, tools for cutting the templates

First, three sheets of Japanese paper are glued together using kakishibu ( 柿 渋 ), the kakitannin-rich juice of the persimmon fruit. Then the pattern is cut out of the paper with the help of cutting and engraving tools ( 道具 彫 り , dōgu-bori ). Four basic techniques are used for cutting:

  1. Long and straight cuts by pulling the knife towards the body
  2. Use of templates for figurative patterns
  3. Section of circles
  4. Use of shaped punches

The paper templates are used for dyeing fabrics with colorful patterns, for example in the Yūzen technique. The contours of the paper template are transferred to the textile with rice paste, and the surface of the pattern is then colored with a paintbrush or a brush.

Today, paper stencils are used as part of the interior as room decorations.

Collections

  • The Kunstsammlungen Chemnitz own a number of katagamis, which in 2013 were entitled Katagami. Japanese stencils of the 19th century from the collection were shown to the public.
  • One of the most important Katagami collections in the world can be found in Dresden . This collection comprises around 16,000 sheets and was sold in 1889 by Hermann Pächter, the owner of the Robert Wagner art dealer in Berlin, which specializes in East Asia, to the Dresden Museum of Decorative Arts for the amount of 2,400 marks. The sheets may have come from the collection of the translator, diplomat and art collector Alexander von Siebold , who lives in Japan ; However, the war loss of the acquisition files of the Dresden Kunstgewerbemuseum prevents final documentary evidence of the origin. In 2014/2015 a small part of the collection was exhibited for the first time in the Japanese Palace and made accessible to the public.
  • The Museum of Applied Arts Vienna (MAK) has more than 8,000 katagami in its collection, which, among others, inspired artists from the Wiener Werkstätte such as Josef Hoffmann to create patterns. In 2018, over 600 Katagami with detailed data sheets were published in the MAK's online database.

annotation

  1. ↑ The onyomi readings of the characters are mentioned here . The Kunyomi reading of the character katachi is also kata .
  2. ↑ The provincial capital was the city of Suzuka, which is still the center of the production of paper stencils for dyeing textiles.
  3. ↑ This refers in particular to the cities of Shiroko ( 白子 ) and Shige ( 寺 家 ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ よ く あ る 質問 - 伊 勢 型 紙 と 伊 勢 形 紙 の 字 の 違 い に は 理由 が が あ の の で す か (質問 No.209) . City of Suzuka, 2013, accessed January 24, 2015 (Japanese).
  2. ↑ 伊 勢 型 紙 . Cultural Affairs Office, 2015, accessed January 24, 2015 (Japanese).
  3. ↑ Database of Registered National Cultural Properties  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed April 13, 2014.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bunka.go.jp  
  4. ↑ Wolfgang Scheppe: The logic of rain. The Katagami treasure in Dresden. Staatliche Kunstsammlung Dresden, Dresden 2014, ISBN 978-3-944555-00-3 , p. 16 f.
  5. ↑ Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden: The logic of rain. Rediscovered after 125 years in Dresden: The world's largest treasure of Japanese stencils for dyeing samurai kimonos, ( memento of September 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ), accessed on January 22, 2015.
  6. ↑ From sheet to sheet: The elaborate cataloging of the Katagami collection of the MAK - MAKblog . In: MAKblog . March 27, 2018 ( mak.at [accessed March 30, 2018]).

Web links

Commons : Katagami  - collection of images, videos and audio files