Johann Böhm (chemist)

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Johann Böhm , also Johannes, Hans, Jan, (born January 20, 1895 in Budweis , Austria-Hungary ; † November 27, 1952 in Prague , Czechoslovakia ) was a German-Bohemian chemist. He had had Czechoslovak citizenship since 1935.

Life

Böhm graduated from the Prague Technical University , worked with Fritz Haber at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin until 1926, then led in the summer of 1926 with the later Nobel laureate György Hevesy , at that time professor at the University of Freiburg i. Br , carried out a series of X-ray spectroscopic experiments and obtained his doctorate in 1928 with the subject of X-ray analysis of the microcrystalline iron hydroxide minerals , then stayed in Freiburg and completed his habilitation there in 1931, where he worked as “Dr. Johann Böhm, Prof. extraord. (physical chemistry) ”was still listed in 1935 in the“ course directory and personnel directory ”as“ extraordinary professor ”and assistant at the physico-chemical institute. Because of his democratic convictions, Böhm was confronted with increasing difficulties after the National Socialists came to power. György Hevesy therefore asked Jaroslav Heyrovský to help him find a job for Böhm at a Prague university. Heyrovský and Václav Dolejšek then appealed to the Czechoslovak government on this matter. In 1934 Böhm was appointed professor of physical chemistry at the German University in Prague, which he followed on October 1, 1935 and at the same time acquired Czechoslovak citizenship.

As an anti-fascist who helped Czech chemists during the German occupation, such as the later Nobel laureate Jaroslav Heyrovský, he was not expelled like the bulk of the Germans after the end of the war, and especially through Heyrovský's intercession he escaped prolonged internment. He also received his Czechoslovak citizenship again and worked at the Research Institute for Organic Synthesis of Rybitví in the Pardubice District , but he was unable to continue his academic teaching. For health reasons he was later unable or unwilling to accept various appointments at Czech universities, but shortly before his death he was appointed a corresponding member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences .

research

Böhm's main research area was X-ray and colloid chemistry for crystalline substances. Recordings with the angle measuring device constructed by Karl Weissenberg and further developed by Böhm, the Weissenberg-Böhm X-ray goniometer , which is essential in crystallography, bear his name as well as the device itself: "The symmetry of the WEISSENBERG-BÖHM recordings of the equator of the hexagonal main, Secondary and intermediate axis ... “ Böhm's improved design, in which the parts of the Weissenberg apparatus were now arranged in such a way that the cylindrical camera transmitted horizontally, was retained in all later versions of the apparatus.

After the opinion had long been widespread that the German geologist Johannes Böhm (1857–1938) was the namesake of boehmite , the prevailing opinion now is that the physical chemist Böhm was the discoverer and the first to describe the mineral, which he initially called bauxite however, in honor of the French mineralogist Jacques Cochon de Lapparent (1883-1948) in "Boehmite" (English and French: "Boehmite") was renamed.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Publication s. Note 6
  2. ↑ Bernhard vom Brocke, Hubert Laitko: The Kaiser Wilhelm / Max Planck Society and its institutes: Studies on their history, vol. 1, p. 297.
  3. ↑ Life data, publications and academic family tree of Johann Böhm at academictree.org, accessed on January 7, 2018.
  4. ↑ Course directory for the summer half of 1935. In addition to the personnel directory of the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg i. Br. 1935 , pp. 56, 67.
  5. ↑ a b c L. Dobiášová: (PDF; 1.9 MB) Structure of microworld - the world seen by invisible rays. Struktura mikrosvěta - Svět viděný nedviditelnými paprsky. Abstract. In: Materials Structure , Vol. 7, No. 1 (2000) p. 29.
  6. ↑ a b Miloslav Ferles: Někteří němečtí Chemici původem z Čech (d i "Some German chemists originally from Bohemia"..). Web of Science v České republice (PDF).
  7. ↑ Johannes Böhm: The Weissenberg x-ray goniometer. In: ZS f. Physik 39 (1926), pp. 557-561, according to Bernhard vom Brocke, Hubert Laitko: The Kaiser Wilhelm / Max Planck Society and its Institutes: Studies on their History, Vol. 1, p. 298.
  8. ^ ZS for inorganic and general chemistry 265–267 (1951–1952) p. 58.
  9. ^ Karl Weissenberg 80th Birthday Celebration Essays . Martin J. Buerger : Karl Weissenberg and the Development of X-Ray Crystallography - Section 4: Further Developments of Weissenberg's Method (English, http://weissenberg.bsr.org.uk/2/x-ray%20crystallography.htm ( Memento from February 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed June 24, 2016]). Karl Weissenberg 80th Birthday Celebration Essays ( Memento of the original dated February 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / weissenberg.bsr.org.uk
  10. ↑ webmineral.com : "Named after the German geologist and paleontologist, J. Bohm (1857-1938)" .
  11. ↑ "My dear Hildička!" Conjectures about Hans Böhm . By Peter Lachnit and Heike Possert, radio program Ö1, December 18, 2010.
  12. ↑ J. Böhm: About aluminum and iron hydroxides. I. In: Journal for inorganic and general chemistry. 149, 1925, pp. 203-216, doi : 10.1002 / zaac.19251490114 .
  13. ↑ Th. G. Sahama, Martti Lehtinen and Pentti Rehtijärvi: Natural Boehmite Single Crystals from Ceylon. In: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology Vol. 39 (1973), No. 2, pp. 171-174, p. 171. doi : 10.1007 / BF00375738
personal data
SURNAME Bohm, Johann
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Böhm, Johannes; Bohm, Hans; Bohm, Jan
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Bohemian-German chemist and discoverer of boehmite
DATE OF BIRTH January 20, 1895
PLACE OF BIRTH Ceske Budejovice
DATE OF DEATH November 27, 1952
Place of death Prague