Johanniterkommende Duisburg

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The Johanniterkommende Duisburg was a branch of the Order of St. John in Duisburg (North Rhine-Westphalia). It was founded around 1150 and was raised to the status of an independent commander in the 1240s. It is therefore probably the oldest or first Johanniter settlement on German soil. With the introduction of the Reformation, the religious house was connected to the coming gentlemen's rounds; in the following decades the convention became orphaned. The buildings and the property remained in the possession of the Kommende Herrenstrunden until the secularization in 1803 .

location

Location of the Johanniterkommende Duisburg
Duisburg 1575.
The location of the (former) Johanniterkommende and the Marienkirche on a map of the city of Duisburg from 1575 (not north!).

The coming one was at the Marienkirche in the southwest corner of the old town of Duisburg. Archaeological studies indicate a noble residence of the 11th / 12th centuries. Century in the area of ​​the coming. The coming buildings were east of the church. Originally the church was outside the walls, but was probably included in the wall ring in 1295. The church area was directly inside the city wall. The building of the Coming House was largely destroyed by the construction of fortifications at the beginning of the 17th century. The Marienkirche was initially preserved, was closed in 1789 due to dilapidation and was replaced in 1802 by a new building at a slightly offset location.

history

The Johanniterkommende Duisburg is one of the oldest branches of the Order of St. John in Germany. When exactly the Johanniter came to Duisburg cannot be said due to the lack of documents. In the 1150s, they asked Archbishop Arnold II of Cologne to consecrate their newly built church in front of the walls of Duisburg in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Saint John the Baptist. Since Archbishop Arnold was unable to attend, he entrusted the consecration of the new church to his colleague Bishop Friedrich II of Münster, who actually carried out the consecration and issued a certificate about it. The text shows that there was already a hospital at that time, which was maintained by the Johanniter. The certificate is unfortunately without a date, but the period of office of the two church princes mentioned results in the period 1152 to 1156 (Hellemann: 1153/54!) For the consecration of the church or the date of issue of the certificate. The church originally only served as a church for the hospital and the convent of St. John. But it was raised in 1187 by the Archbishop of Cologne, Philipp, to the second parish church of Duisburg. For this purpose, a very small part of the district of St. Salvator's Church was cut off, presumably only a quarter of houses within the walls of Duisburg. The hospital was named Hospital of the Holy Sepulcher in a document from 1189. In this document a Magister Her (mann) appears for the first time, so that a coming one can be assumed at this time. Interestingly, the parish rights of the St. Salvatorkirche came into the possession of the Teutonic Order in 1254.

In 1209 the married couple Hildebrand and Blitha donated a house with a garden and land in the city with the associated pensions to the church of St. Marien and St. Johann Baptist. They also founded an annual soul mass for themselves and gave 4 silver marks in addition. The archdeacon of Liège, Heinrich von Dicke, and his brother Konrad, who came from the parish of St. Marien and St. Johann Baptist, donated their court in Düssern (today Duissern ) to the Johanniter Hospital in 1228 . The respective head of the hospital should also be the administrator of the court in Duissern. The court was taken over by Master Heinrich der Kommende Burgsteinfurt. Duisburg was not an independent commander at that time, but was subordinate to the Johanniterkommende Burgsteinfurt. In 1246 the order house in Duisburg bought a farm in the Harzopf district (between Mülheim an der Ruhr and Werden ) from the brother of the Vogt to Werden. Together with the court, they took over the servants who were sitting on it, Aleidi's widow with her sons and descendants. The rent was 2 Malter rye, oats and a pig worth 12 denarii a year. They also had a field in Rellinghausen on long lease. In this certificate, H (ermann) appears for the first time as a master's degree . In 1242 this man was only referred to as provisional. In a certificate from 1251, this Hermann appears again as a master's degree, next to him T (homas) the economist and brother Reiner are named as procurator. This means that the transition to an independent religious house or to a commander can probably be made in the short period from 1242 to 1246.

A little later, the Duisburg Johanniter acquired a mill from the city, which they leased to a Duisburg citizen in 1271. In this document, the then master Giselbert is now expressly referred to as the commendator . From 1271 onwards, the Duisburg order house can safely be described as coming. The two pastors at St. Marien Gerhard and Johannes and two other brothers Arnold and Rudolf are named among the witnesses. What is remarkable about the certificate is that the commander von Burg an der Wupper, Erwin, is in the first place of the witnesses before the Duisburg commander Giselbert. Unkelsbach interprets this to mean that the order house was under a certain influence from the Johanniterkommende in Burg an der Wupper.

In 1264 Aleidis, the daughter of Johannes and Christine von Techuos, donated the Calchove court to the Duisburg order house of the Johanniter. Abbot Albero von Werden gave his approval, the court was probably a fief of the Werden monastery . At the beginning of the 1290s, Brother Hermann von Mainz, commander in Cologne and deputy to the master in Germany, gave this Calchove farm with all its accessories to the Duisburg citizen Johannes Munter in hereditary lease at an annual rate of 8 schillings. However, he had to pay for the maintenance of the house himself.

In 1277 the waiter of the abbess Kunigunde of the St. Quirinus-Stift in Neuss, a certain Gerhard, joined the Order of St. John and bequeathed an estate in Uedesheim to the Duisburg branch . The 42-acre estate was a fiefdom of the St. Quirinus monastery. so that the consent of the abbess to the transaction was necessary. Abbess Kunigunde converted the estate into a hereditary property. The Duisburg Johanniter could of course not manage the estate on their own. In 1280 Commander Heinrich gave the estate to Jakob, Vogt von Üdesheim and his wife Vigmodis on a long lease. They had to pay 4 shillings, 10 Malter rye and a penny a year, due on St. Remigius Day (January 13th); the taxes had to be brought to Neuss at the expense of the tenant. Commander Erwin von Burg an der Wupper gave his consent to this lease of the estate in Üdesheim. In this document he is referred to as the deputy of the Johanniter for Lower Germany.

The hospital and the church were probably included in the wall ring of Duisburg around / before 1295 and formed a significant bulge in the wall ring in the late Middle Ages and early modern times. The city built a guard house on the wall between the stables and the residential buildings and received the right of passage through the stables to the guard house. So probably the Coming was still running its own business. In 1380 the city of Duisburg signed a new contract with the Coming Party. The convent left the so-called grass courtyard to the city, which was located on the outside of the city wall. The Johanniter had to undertake to wall up the windows of the lower hall facing the field and not to break any new windows. The three small windows on the bottom floor could remain open. In return, the city gave up its guard house on the wall between the stables and the residential building, as well as the right of passage through the stables. Any goods purchased before 1295 were not taxed.

The hospital was abandoned at an unknown time. In any case, it must have been sold before 1397, because in 1397 the Duisburg citizen Heinrich Coepmann sold the hospital to the city of Duisburg.

In 1341 the Johanniterkommende Duisburg belonged to the Ballei Westfalen within the Lower (Greater) Ballei ( inferioris balnye ) of the Order of St. John. According to a resolution of the General Chapter in Strunis , Brother Albert von Ulenbrok should be handed over to seven comedians (Duisburg, Walsum, Wesel, Borken, Burgsteinfurt, Lage and Herford). It can be assumed that he was supposed to receive these comers as Bailli, not as commander, since the Duisburg commander Johannes Hunder (t) hosen acted as a co-visitor. During the simultaneous visitation, the number of brothers, the debts and the income of the respective comers were recorded. The convent in Duisburg then (1341) consisted of six brothers; This is followed by the indication tribus marcis argenti (one third of the silver marks), unfortunately without any further designation, whether it is debts or income. According to the "target figures for the workforce of the German Johanniter from 1367", the target numbers for Duisburg were three priest brothers. It is not known to what extent these target figures were actually met.

In 1495 the Großbailli Petrus Stolz was the owner of the Kommende Duisburg. But he had a number of other comers among him. He therefore had the Duisburg branch managed by brother Theodoricus Amelonge. In addition to the administrator Amelonge, three other brothers lived in the convent, brother Johannes Tynenmecher, brother Theodoricus von Holten and brother Herbertus Vogelsanck. They kept a cook with his assistant and a house servant to serve.

During the Reformation, Duisberg belonged to the Duchy of Kleve , whose Duke Johann still condemned the Reformation as heretical in 1525. First his son Johann Wilhelm , who committed himself to the Reformation. For his war for money, he had numerous religious institutions move in and the church equipment confiscated, including in Duisburg. In 1543 the city council gave the Johanniterkommendator (and also the Teutonic Order Commendator) the job of employing “good” preachers. The new preacher Johannes Rithlinger slowly approached the new doctrine and celebrated the Lord's Supper in 1554 in both forms; the step towards the Reformation was taken. In 1540 four brothers still lived in the settlement, including the comendator sive procurator Adrian Inckhuys. The Duisburg branch had already lost its independence at this point and was subordinate to the commander in Herrenstrunden and Burg an der Wupper.

Probably there have been no brothers in the convent since the second half of the sixteenth century. The branch was not completely abandoned, but connected directly to the Kommende Herrenstrunden. In 1554, the Johanniterkommende in Duisburg leased the so-called " Damengut " near Ossum to Johann von Mero (e) de. In 1585, the commander of Herrenstrunden, Wilhelm von Loeben, leased the Johanniter branch in Duisburg with all accessories for 12 years to Johann Foss for 200 thalers a year. According to Herrenstrunden's inventory book from 1689, the settlement consisted of 11 acres of house grounds and gardens, 556 acres of arable land, 2 acres of meadows and 13¾ acres of forest. It also included the tithe of 68 acres in Linn and Oppum . In 1803 the branch in Duisburg was abolished.

Possession of the coming

The Johanniter owned some property in Duisburg and the surrounding villages. So they owned.

In 1651 they owned a fishery outside the Duisburg Landwehr, were also reported as forest owners in 1350 and 1431 and owned a windmill in 1515. Over time, the land was leased.

Commendators and Masters

The commendators of the Duisburg branch are known only very poorly.

Term of office Commander Other offices and remarks
1187/89 Her (man), Magister
1209 Engilhard, provisional
1228 to 1251 Heinrich, domus magister, dispenser
1242, 1246 Hermann, procurator, provisional
1271 Giselbert, commander
1279 Gottfried, commander
1280 Heinrich
1341 Johannes Hunder (t) hossen
1357 Ludolf
1368 Lubberus de Dome / von Dehem / Deem, commendator was in 1384 Bailli of the Westphalia Ballei
1376 to 1380 Macharius (Magorius) from Kückelsheim
1389 Johann von Volden
1401 to 1407 Johann Vogel identical to the Johann von Volden?
1418 to 1428 Gerhard Vuyst 1428 received the Coming Walsum
1433 to 1434 Gerhard von Friemersheim / Vrymersheim
1437 Heinrich of the Lo
1449 to 1451 Heinrich Wyttenbach / Wyttenberg / Wittenberg
1479 to 1491 Dietrich Amelonck
1495 Peter Stolz from Bickelheim Commendator in Meisenheim until 1480, served in the defense of Rhodes in 1480, commander in Hemmendorf from 1487 to 1488, commander in Frankfurt from 1492 to 1493, commander in Mainz from 1493 to 1502, commander in 1495 von Burg an der Wupper, 1498 Großbailli, 1501 to 1503 Commander in Biberstein
1512, 1521 to 1529 Heiffert (Heyvart) Vogelsanck / Heinart Vogelsang
1526 to 1535 Nikolaus Stolz from Gaubickelheim
1535 to 1543 Adrianus Inckhuys, commander or procurator
1549 to 1554 Johann Victor

literature

  • Hans Budde, Joseph Milz, Günter Spitzbart: Document book of the city of Duisburg: 1350–1400. 325 S., Droste, Düsseldorf 1989, ISBN 3-7700-7599-4 (in the following abbreviated Budde, Milz, Spitzbart, document book of the city of Duisburg with corresponding page number)
  • Markus Hellemann: Duisburg - Johanniter. In: Manfred Groten, Georg Mölich, Gisela Muschiol, Joachim Oepen (eds.): Nordrheinisches Klosterbuch. Lexicon of the monasteries and monasteries until 1815. Part 2: Düsseldorf to Kleve, pp. 159–163, Verlag Franz Schmitt, Siegburg 2012
  • Kurt Niederau: Documents of the Katharinenkloster in Duisburg anno 1581. Duisburger Forschungen, 46: 39–66, Duisburg 2000 (in the following abbreviated Niederau, documents of the Katharinenkloster with corresponding page number)
  • Walter Gerd Rödel: The Grand Priory of the Order of St. John in the transition from the Middle Ages to the Reformation. Wienand Verlag, Cologne, 1972, pp. 360–364, (hereinafter abbreviated to Rödel, Großpriorat n with corresponding page number)
  • Heinrich Unkelbach: The beginnings of the Order of St. John in the Rhine Province. 88 p., Inaugural dissertation Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Bonn, 1926, pp. 11-20.
  • Johanna Maria van Winter: Sources concerning the Hospitallers of St. John in the Netherlands 14th-18th centuries. Brill, Leiden, 1998 ISBN 9004108033 (hereinafter abbreviated to Winter, Sources with corresponding page number and certificate number)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Theodor Joseph Lacomblet: Document book for the history of the Lower Rhine or the Archbishopric of Cöln, the principalities of Jülich and Berg, Geldern, Meurs, Cleve and Mark and the imperial monasteries of Elten, Essen and Werden. 3rd volume. In the commission of the Schaubschen Buchhandlung, Düsseldorf, 1853 online at Google Books
  2. ^ Karl Borchardt: Target figures for the number of employees in the German Johanniter from 1367. Revue Mabillon, ns, 14: 83-113, 2003. PDF , p. 96.
  3. ^ Rödel, Großpriorat, p. 362.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Landesarchiv NRW Rhineland Department Sign .: 121.04.00 Duisburg - Komture
  5. ↑ Budde, Milz, Spitzbart, Duisburg City Document Book, pp. 93–94.
  6. ^ Budde, Milz, Spitzbart, document book of the city of Duisburg, p. 131.
  7. ^ Niederau, documents from the Katharinenkloster, p. 50.
  8. ↑ Heike Hawicks: Situational parchment and paper use in the late Middle Ages. In: Carla Meyer, Sandra Schultz, Bernd Schneidmüller (Eds.): Paper in Medieval Europe: Production and Use, pp. 213-246, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Munich & Boston, 2015 ISBN 978-3-11-037136- 9 Preview on Google Books .
  9. ↑ a b Winter, Sources, p. 37, No. 18
  10. ↑ Helmut Hartmann: The Commander of the Mainzer Johanniter-Kommende. Mainzer Zeitschrift, 76: pp. 103-124, 1981, p. 110.
  11. ↑ Niederau, documents of the Katharinenkloster, p. 60.

Coordinates: 51 ° 25 ′ 53 ″  N , 6 ° 45 ′ 24 ″  E