Jon Raude

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Jon Raude , nicknamed hinn staðfasti (the indomitable), (* unknown; † December 21, 1282 in Skara , Sweden) was archbishop of Nidaros from 1268 to 1282 .

Jon Raude is first mentioned in 1253 as a canon in the cathedral chapter of Nidaros . In 1266 he stayed in Rome and received the order from Pope Clement IV to deliver the pallium to the newly appointed Archbishop Håkon in Nidaros . However, Håkon died in 1267 and the cathedral chapter unanimously elected Jon as his successor. The Pope agreed, and the consecration took place on June 24, 1268 in Viterbo .

At the end of the 1260s, King Magnus lagabætir was busy with his great legislative work. He received approval for his law books for the gulathing area and the eastern law counties, but when he came to the Frostathing in 1269, Jon had just assumed his office as archbishop. He enforced that Frostathingslov was limited to secular law. His position came to light: ecclesiastical law is a matter for the church. He immediately began to draft his own canon law. This design was probably completed in 1273. He also involved Bishop Árni Þorláksson von Skálholt . His bill was based on canon law . However, it is also believed that Jon used Magnus' laws as a template, and that it was based on Archbishop Øystein's edition of Frostathingslov, the so-called "Gullfjær". In his discussions with the king, he asked that he confirm the privileges that King Magnus Erlingsson had granted the Church. The King flatly rejected this, but again granted the Church some rights. The conflict ended in 1273 with the Concordat of mountains , which after approval by the Pope on August 9, 1277 Tønsberg was enacted. In this Concordat, the Church was given sole jurisdiction over matters relating to Christian law and matters relating to the clergy. There were also economic advantages: a broad tax exemption, freedom from contributions to national defense ( Leidang ) for the bishops and the archbishop, the right to mint and a wide trading privilege for the archbishop. With the laws of December 13th and 22nd, Jon's Christian law added the right to fines and a right to tithe. At the same time, an amendment to the right of succession to the throne was issued in 1260, according to which the archbishop had the first vote in a king election. It all had to do with the fact that the king was seeking reconciliation and was already marked by illness. Archbishop Jon was also at the 2nd Council of Lyon in 1274 . There he was appointed crusade tax collector for his area. From there he brought with him a “thorn from Christ's crown of thorns” as the most valuable relic. He also received other privileges. He was allowed to fill positions that were reserved for the Pope and he was allowed to legalize illegitimate children so that they could become priests.

The king died in May 1280. The situation changed fundamentally when the guardians of the underage King Erik II took over the government. The archbishop convened a provincial council in Bergen - the first known for Norway. During the Reichstag, which was taking place at the same time, he crowned the new king and also formulated the coronation oath. At the same time he drew up a statute that defined the church as both a spiritual and secular power and further specified the church privileges.

Immediately after the coronation, the guardianship government went on an opposite course to the archbishop. The Christian law with the tithing regulations was rejected and the right to mint coins was withdrawn from the archbishop. The Church's tax exemption has also been undermined by levying taxes on all landed property. Jon Raude responded with excommunication . Both the archbishop and the guardianship government turned to the Pope. But the latter remained neutral, probably because he needed government support to raise the mandatory crusade tax. Eventually, the guardianship government declared the archbishop and his two most ardent supporters, Bishop Andres in Oslo and Bishop Torfinn in Hamar, to be outlawed . In mid-September 1282 he and Bishop Andres fled to Skara in Sweden, where he died on December 21st. A year later, his body was transferred to Nidaros and buried there. Bishop Torfinn fled to the Cistercian monastery Ter Doerst near Bruges .

The main reason Jon Raude lost his battle against secular power was that he was unwilling to compromise. However, he set a goal for the church, which it also achieved in 1458 when Christian I renewed the Concordat of 1277.

Traditional texts

  • Archbishop Jons Provincial Statute (July 2-29, 1280). In: Norges gamle Love. Vol. 3. pp. 229-241
  • Archbishop Jons Christian Law. In: Norges gamle Love. Vol. 2. pp. 341-386
  • Different letters:
    • Instruction to Bishop Árni about the work on Christian law. 1271/72. In: Regesta Norvegica . Vol. 2. No. 98
    • Instruction to Bishop Árni on certain rights of the Church. 1279, In: Regesta Norvegica . Vol. 2. No. 228
    • Archbishop Jon warns some barons not to encroach on the rights of the Church. 1280. In: Diplomatarium Norvegicum . Vol. 3 No. 20
    • Bishop Narvi von Bergen testifies that the Archbishop has unsuccessfully requested that the new law, which contradicts the Concordat of 1277, be withdrawn. 1281. In: Diplomatarium Norvegicum . Vol. 3 No. 21
    • Excommunication letter against Barons Bjarne Erlingsson and Andres Plytt. 1280 or 1281. In: Regesta Norvegica . Vol. 2. No. 286

Remarks

The article is essentially taken from the Norsk biografisk leksikon . Other information is specially marked.

  1. ↑ AJ Riisøy and BD SPORCK: "Date rings av nyere Borgartings kristen savior". In Collegium Medievale 12, 1999, pp. 57-74.
  2. ↑ a b c Martinsen.
  3. ^ "Skálholts-Annaler" for the year 1277. In: Gustav Storm: Islandske Annaler indtil 1578. Christiania 1888, p. 195.
  4. ^ According to Martinsen, the report can be found in the Brevarium Nidrosiensis .
  5. ↑ It was the crusade tax that Pope Gregory X was granted for six years at the Council of Lyon in 1274.
  6. ^ So in Andres .
  7. ^ So in Torfinn av Hamar .

literature

predecessor Office successor
Håkon Archbishop of Nidaros
1268–1282 		Jørund
personal data
SURNAME Raude, Jon
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Norwegian Archbishop
DATE OF BIRTH 13th Century
DATE OF DEATH December 21, 1282
Place of death Skara