Kathe Schirmacher

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Käthe Schirmacher, Gottheil & Sohn, Danzig, 1893
Signature Käthe Schirmacher.JPG
Käthe Schirmacher, back row, 3rd from right, in the Suffrage Alliance Congress , London 1909

Käthe Schirmacher (born August 6, 1865 in Danzig ; † November 18, 1930 in Meran ) was a German women's rights activist . In the 1890s, Schirmacher was one of the leading figures on the left wing of the bourgeois women's movement, from which she later turned away.

Life

Käthe Schirmacher was the daughter of Richard Schirmacher, a wealthy businessman.

After attending secondary school for girls and teachers ' college in Gdansk, she studied in Paris from 1885 to 1887 (German and French) and graduated with a state examination. She then spent a few years as a senior teacher in Liverpool . In 1890 she returned to Gdansk, where she wrote and taught courses for women. In 1893 she took part in the first women's congress in Chicago during a trip to America. From autumn 1893 to spring of 1895, she studied in Zurich, where she in 1895 in the subject Romance Languages at Heinrich Morf graduated with a doctorate (Dr. phil.). This made her one of the first women to earn a doctorate. During her student years in Zurich, her partner was Margarethe Böhm. After a trip to Egypt she lived as a correspondent for German and Austrian newspapers in Paris and from there went on lecture tours to almost all European countries as well as to the USA.

In 1899 she was one of the founders of the Association of progressive women's organizations , 1904 to those of the World Federation for women's suffrage (Engl. International Woman Suffrage Alliance , IWSA). She campaigned for the rights of prostitutes. From 1904, however, she turned to conservative and nationalist circles. In 1909, she was not re-elected to the board of the "World Federation for Women's Suffrage", especially since she refused to stand up for democratic suffrage. As a result, there was a break with the women's movement in 1913. In 1919 and 1920, Schirmacher sat as a member of the German National People's Party (DNVP) in the Weimar National Assembly , where she belonged to the Volkish wing of the party. In her speeches you can find a lot of racist remarks, for example she spoke of "negegiated France" and "animal Moscow". It also assumed a “ Jewish world conspiracy ” against Germany.

The national-conservative political camp, but also right-wing circles of the women's movement, formed her most important field of activity in Schirmacher's last years. Her writings and lectures from this period testify to the difficulty of her concern in winning a conservative environment for equal rights for women . The extensive estate of Schirmacher is in the library of the University of Rostock .

Her last partner, to whom she moved to Marlow in Mecklenburg from 1910, was Klara Schleker , the first woman to open a German parliament in 1920 as the age president. Käthe Schirmacher was also active as a journalist and writer. a. she wrote the novel Halb (1893), in which she attacked men's morality and prostitution . There and in Die Libertad (1891) she created an abundance of material that was rooted in her studies in Paris; The protagonists in both cases were female students and academics. She died in Meran.

Publications (selection)

  • The Libertad . Novella. Verlag-Magazin, Zurich 1891. 81 pp.
  • The International Women’s Congress in Chicago, 1893 . A lecture given in the local branch of the General. German Women's association in Dresden, in the association "Frauenwohl" zu Königsberg i. Pr., In the association Frauenwohl zu Danzig and at the general assembly of the general. Swabian women's association in Stuttgart. Tittmann, Dresden 1894. 24 pp.
  • Theophile de Viau . His life and works (1591–1626). Dissertation, Phil. Faculty Zurich. Verlag M. Welter, Leipzig 1896. XII, 168 pp.
  • From all over the world . Collected studies and essays. Verlag H. Welter, Paris / Leipzig 1897. 2 sheets, 393 pp.
  • Literary studies and reviews . Publisher H. Welter, Paris / Leipzig 1897. 156 pp.
  • Voltaire . Biography. OR Reisland, Leipzig 1898. XX, 556 pp.
  • Paris! . Illustr. by Arnould Moreaux and F. Marks. Alfred Schall & Grund, Berlin 1900. 365 pp.
  • The women's movement . Their causes, ends and means. 1904
    • The women's movement . Their causes, ends and means. 2nd revised edition. German Association for the Dissemination of Public Benefit Knowledge, Prague 1909. 16 pp. (Collection of Public Lectures, Vol. 311)
  • Gdańsk pictures. BG Teubner, Leipzig & Berlin 1908 (drawings by Arthur Bendrat )
  • The modern women's movement . A historical overview. Teubner, Leipzig 1905. V, 130 p. (Collection of scientific-common understandable representations, vol. 67)
  • Women's work in the home . Your economic, legal and social rating. Felix Dietrich, Gautzsch near Leipzig 1905. 29 p. (2nd edition 1912, 22 p.)
  • The separation of state and churches in France . Felix Dietrich, Gautzsch near Leipzig 1908. 16 pp.
  • Modern youth . A guide for the struggle for existence. Ernst Reinhardt, Munich 1910. 263 pp.
  • The riddle woman . A settlement. 1st - 3rd Thousand Duncker, Weimar 1911. 160 pp.
  • The suffragettes . 1st edition. Duncker, Weimar 1912. 155 pp. [About the English women's movement.] New edition: Jassmann, Frankfurt 1988. VI, 156 pp. ISBN 3-926975-00-8 .
  • Germany over everything! . Ostlandverlag, Charlottenburg 1916. 27 p. ( Digitized edition )
  • Speech at the German National Assembly in Weimar on March 5, 1919 . German Nat. Font distribution office, Berlin 1919.
  • Flames . Memories from my life. 1-8 Th. Dürr & Weber, Leipzig 1921. 94 p. (Cell library, vol. 51)
  • The enslaved . (The Imperial German Irredenta). Brunnen-Verlag K. Winckler, Berlin 1922. 1 map, 136 p.
  • What does the German woman owe to the German women's movement? . 1st - 4th Th. W. Schneider, Querfurt 1927. 24 p. (The German woman in family, people and state, issue 7)
  • The collective woman . Adolf Klein, Leipzig 1931. 16 pp.

Translations

  • Emma Hosken - Woodward : Men, Women, and Progress . Authorized transfer from Käthe Schirmacher. Weimarer Verlags - Anstalt, Weimar 1893. 82 p. (Library of the women's question, vol. 8)
  • Elinor Glyn : Ambrosine's Diary. (Reflections of Ambrosine). Author. Translated from the English by Käthe Schirmacher. Engelhorn, Stuttgart 1904. 152 p. (Engelhorn's general novel library, vol. 20, vol. 19)
  • Marguerite Poradowska : A romantic wedding . (Mirage romanesque). Two volumes. Authorized translations from the French by K. Schirmacher. Engelhorn, Stuttgart 1906. 144, 141 pp. (Engelhorn's general Romanbibl., Vol. 22, vol. 13 + 14)
  • Voltaire's correspondence . Selected and translated into German by Käthe Schirmacher. Insel-Verlag, Leipzig 1908. 294 pp.

literature

  • Johanna Gehmacher / Elisa Heinrich / Corinna Oesch: Käthe Schirmacher: agitation and autobiographical practice between radical women's movement and national politics. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 2018, ISBN 978-3-205-20721-4 , 596 S. Open Access: http://www.boehlau-verlag.com/download/164990/978-3-205-20721 -4_OpenAccess.pdf
  • Hanna Krüger: The uncomfortable woman. Käthe Schirmacher fighting for freedom of women and the freedom of the nation 1865–1930 . Bott, Berlin 1934. 195 pp.
  • Anke Walzer: Käthe Schirmacher. A German women's rights activist on the way from liberalism to conservative nationalism . Centaurus-Verlags-Gesellschaft, Pfaffenweiler 1991, ISBN 3-89085-399-4 . VIII, 143 pp.
  • Andrea Süchting-Hänger:  Schirmacher, Käthe. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-428-11204-3 , p. 5 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Estate (media combination): Dr. - Käthe - Schirmacher - Donation to the Rostock University Library. Complete edition of the estate of Dr. Käthe Schirmacher (1865–1930), approx. 63,000 sheets on 2,271 microfiches. With an inventory of the estate on CD-ROM . Harald Fischer Verlag, Erlangen 2000, ISBN 3-89131-142-7
  • Sabine Hering: The war profiteers , Centaurus, 1990 ISBN 3-89085-368-4

Web links

Commons : Käthe Schirmacher  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Käthe Schirmacher  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Database of German members of parliament
  2. ^ A b Gisela Brinker-Gabler, Karola Ludwig, Angela Wöffen: Lexicon of German-speaking women writers 1800–1945 . dtv Munich, 1986. ISBN 3-423-03282-0 . P. 271f.
  3. ↑ Gabi Einsele: "No Fatherland". German students in exile in Zurich (1870–1908) . In: Anne Schlüter (Ed.): Pioneers, Feminists, Career Women? On the history of women's studies in Germany. Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1992, p. 17.
  4. ↑ lesbengeschichte.de
  5. ↑ Helene Stöcker: Memoirs. The unfinished autobiography of a pacifist who was passionate about women . Ed .: Reinhold Lütgemeier-Davin, Kerstin Wolff. Boehlau Verlag, Cologne 2015, p. 107.
  6. ^ Daniela Weiland: Hermes Handlexikon, history of women's emancipation in Germany and Austria . Düsseldorf 1983, p. 241.
  7. ↑ Gabi Einsele: "No Fatherland". German students in exile in Zurich (1870–1908) . In: Anne Schlüter (Ed.): Pioneers, Feminists, Career Women? On the history of women's studies in Germany, Centaurus, Pfaffenweiler 1992, p. 18.
  8. ^ Daniela Weiland: Hermes Handlexikon, history of women's emancipation in Germany and Austria . Düsseldorf 1983, p. 240.
personal data
SURNAME Schirmacher, Käthe
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German politician (DNVP) and author, person of the women's movement
DATE OF BIRTH August 6, 1865
PLACE OF BIRTH Danzig
DATE OF DEATH November 18, 1930
Place of death Meran