Charterhouse Marienburg
The Marienburg Charterhouse in the Weddern peasantry in the parish near Dülmen was founded in 1476/77 and existed until 1804. It was the only Charterhouse in Westphalia . The listed monastery church of St. Jakobus d. Ä. today serves as a parish church. The other monastery complex is now part of the Anna-Katharinenstift Karthaus , where people with disabilities live and find work in the Karthaus workshops .
history
After the son and heir of the knight Gerhard von Keppel died in connection with the siege of Neuss in 1475, the father made his castle Weddern and the associated properties available for the establishment of a charterhouse. As Hereditary Marshal of the Dukes of Kleve, Gerhard von Keppel probably knew the Charterhouse near Wesel . He was encouraged in this intention by Hermann von Langen , who was cathedral dean in the cathedral chapter of Münster . Without his support and that of other canons , the foundation would hardly have come into being.
Gerhard von Keppel promised in 1476, the Carthusians in his possession a Carthusian monastery for a prior and twelve monks to found. The first monks moved into the Charterhouse in 1477. These came from Wesel. In the same year the construction of the monastery church began. The founder's wife and daughters had become nuns. He himself lived like a monk in the new Charterhouse until his death in 1478. His illegitimate sons and other relatives subsequently tried in vain to get the property back.
Hermann von Langen and other canons played an important role in maintaining the foundation. In addition to the original donor, the establishment was supported by other donors. Clerics from Münster financed the first cells. Many canons in particular stood out as donors. Clerics from the area around the Charterhouse also donated to the facility. In addition, aristocrats from western Münsterland emerged as donors.
The economic basis was an extensive property and tithe rights. Income from capital was quite low. Apart from a few ponds for fish farming, self-farming did not play a role.
The number of cells built was over twenty in the 16th century. In fact, the number of residents should have been mostly twelve monks and the prior. A total of 215 monks can be identified from the foundation to the dissolution. Of these, 135 received their profession in Weddern, and a further 80 from other Carthusians lived there as guests. The verifiable number of lay brothers is significantly lower at 80 people. Most of the monks came from the city of Münster. Others came from other parts of the Münsterland and Westphalia as a whole.
The history of the monastery was burdened by external influences. In the first half of the 16th century the monastery had to pay a thousand guilders for a Turkish tax, which financially overstrained the community. Between 1588 and 1596 the Charterhouse was repeatedly the target of attacks by Spanish and Dutch soldiers in connection with the Eighty Years War . The church was looted and the complex was destroyed. At times the monks had to flee. The situation was similar during the Thirty Years War , when the monks had to flee to Dülmen or Münster.
Overall, the monastic discipline remained high. Only individual individual violations can be proven. But there was no decline, as is known from many other monasteries. However, not all monks were up to the severity. Some broke because of it. There were isolated escape attempts and mental illness.
Little is known about the spiritual and spiritual life. The monastery library seems to have been little remarkable. In literary terms, the monks made little difference. Mostly it was monks from other convents who lived as guests in Weddern and who published the writings. Whenever a local monk wrote something, the suggestions mostly came from outside. As an artist, Judocus Vredis excelled , who eventually became prior. Not only was he an illuminator, but he also made religious works of art from clay.
From the middle of the 18th century the Charterhouse had considerable economic difficulties. In addition, the number of novices decreased. The last new entry took place in 1784. The community had already melted sharply when the new sovereign of the County of Dülmen Auguste Philippe Duke von Croÿ dissolved the institution with a certain regret and with papal permission.
From 1921 the Anna-Katharinenstift Karthaus was founded , which was initially founded as a shelter for morally endangered, neglected and fornication-addicted women and girls . The namesake was Anna Katharina Emmerick ; The monastery got its name from Augustinian monks , who provided pastoral care and spiritual support for the monastery founded for many years. As a result, girls and women with disabilities were also taken in and cared for. From 1989 male victims were also admitted and cared for.
buildings
The moated castle Weddern served as the core of the Charterhouse. Construction of the church began shortly after the foundation. The building was vaulted between 1487 and 1510. The construction was not completed in 1571. The complex was badly damaged by the effects of war at the end of the 16th century. The large cloister with the monks' individual cells was built at the beginning of the 17th century.
After secularization, most of the buildings were demolished until 1825, with the exception of the monastery church and some ancillary buildings. The church has served as the parish church of St. James ever since. In 1872 a tower, a sacristy and a burial place for the Dukes of Croÿ were rebuilt and the church was expanded in the neo-Gothic style.
The church is a hall church with rib vaults made of rubble stones . It has six narrow yokes and a 5/8 end of the choir . The walls were partially patterned with glazed bricks. The building used to have a roof turret . In the west there is a rectangular stair tower that serves as a staircase to the gallery. The rood screen that separated the monks' area from that of the lay brothers is unusual for a Carthusian church . This was replaced by an iron grille in the 18th century.
The Charterhouse was LWL Monument of the Month in December 2015.
literature
- Heinrich Rüthing : Carthusians and Westphalia. In: Monastic Westphalia. Monasteries and monasteries 800–1800. Münster, 1982 pp. 67-70
- Heiko KL Schulze: Monasteries and monasteries in Westphalia - a documentation. In: Monastic Westphalia. Monasteries and monasteries 800-1800. Münster, 1982 p. 436f.
- Melanie Niessing: From the moated castle to the Marienburg: studies on the architectural history of the Carthusian monastery in Dülmen-Weddern. Salzburg, 2007
- Erik Potthoff, Dietmar Rabich: Dülmen - yesterday and today . 1st edition. Laumann-Verlag, Dülmen 2013, ISBN 978-3-89960-397-2 , parish - Weddern, Karthaus monastery, p. 226 f .
- Harald Goder: Weddern / Dülmen , in: Monasticon Cartusiense , ed. by Gerhard Schlegel, James Hogg, Volume 2, Salzburg 2004, 638–645.
Web links
- 360 ° panorama picture from the parish church St. Jakobus in the Kulturatlas Westfalen (requires Flash-Player )
Individual evidence
- ↑ Anna-Katharinenstift Karthaus
- ↑ Chronicle of Anna Katharinestift Karthaus (PDF file)
- ^ Already perceived as a monument in the 19th century , LWL press release of December 14, 2015
Coordinates: 51 ° 52 ′ 32 " N , 7 ° 18 ′ 54" E