Imperial Turkish Aid
The Empire Turks aid was a tax , which the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire during the Turkish wars of the Empire stands to ward off the " Turkish threat demanded".
history
Since the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Turkish armies advancing westward and in the Balkans became a constant threat to the rulers of Europe and thus to the Holy Roman Empire. At the Reichstag in Frankfurt (1454, 1486 and 1489), in Regensburg (1467 and 1471) and Nuremberg (1480, 1481, 1487 and 1491), Emperor Friedrich III. Approve funds and troops for a campaign against the Turks. The imperial estates provided the promised services only hesitantly, incompletely or not at all. From the emperor's point of view, it turned out to be problematic that there was no fixed income for the empire, but that he had to have a separate tax approved by the Reichstag for each project.
Only when the Turkish army in the First Austrian Turkish War in Hungary was advancing further and further to the frontier of the empire and after the battle of Mohács (1526) and after the capture of Buda in 1541 it was seen as a real danger, was it possible to obtain more reliable Reich financing with matriculation contributions come. At the Reichstag in Worms (1521) , Emperor Charles V achieved the creation of a register in which a tax amount was fixed for all territories and lordships belonging to the Reich . This had the advantage for him that - in contrast to the previous system of the common penny - the imperial estates had to collect the tax in their respective area of rule and no longer the empire itself. The tax was also relatively flexible, as income could be increased by multiplying the amount once fixed (similar to the current rate of assessment in tax law).
The original basic amount corresponded to a Roman month , whereby the tax revenue initially fell far short of expectations, because the quickly created register also contained areas that did not exist at all or (in the case of Bohemia ) no longer belonged to the empire. It was only after the lists had been changed several times that it was possible to adapt taxation to actual needs.
The amounts stipulated in the registration fees were advantageous for the imperial estates because - also in contrast to the previous system of the common penny - they were not paid out of the personal assets of the sovereign , the nobility or the clergy, but were completely passed on to the subjects . Winfried Schulze described it as saying that the main burden of the Imperial Turkish Tax in the late 16th century had to be borne by the peasant and bourgeois subjects. The type of survey in the empire was regulated differently.
At the Reichstag in Regensburg, Rudolf II enforced the highest demand of 86 Roman months up to that point. The enormous sum of 5,000,000 guilders was to be paid in eight installments between 1603 and 1606. In the abbey of Fulda , 62,938 guilders were lost, which corresponded to 155.78 Roman months. In addition, 12,153 guilders, which corresponded to almost 20 percent of the income, were withheld by the abbey itself to clean up its own household.
In the middle of the 16th century a Roman month yielded 80,000 guilders, while at the turn of the 17th century, due to many unrecoverable claims and defaulting payers, it was only 60,000 guilders.
Turkish tax list
To determine and collect the special levy, the “Turkish Tax List” was created, in which the Turkish money was entered. The invitation to tender took place for the first time on March 10, 1481 and was subject to the use of the imperial estates, because it should "only be issued and used with the advice and knowledge of those, as ordered by the states for this purpose."
It was a general property and poll tax, which was used to cover the costs of one, the Emperor Friedrich III. armed aid to be provided against the "infidel Turks" was raised.
The list of the next Reichstürkenhilfe went back to the Worms registers from 1521. This register was on the upcoming expedition to Rome Emperor Charles V created. The Reich also supported states that were outside the Reich, but which, due to their geographical location, meant a kind of "buffer zone" for the Reich. This buffer zone was the military border . This included u. a. the Kingdom of Hungary and the Venetian Maritime Republics of Venice and Dalmatia . Still, the Turks managed to occupy most of Dalmatia after the First Turkish Siege of Vienna in 1526.
- Turkish tax in Saxony
In Ernestine Saxony was for example by Elector Frederick the Reichstag decision, which was issued in Worms in 1517, the Turks control in implementation levied in 1531 urged the Elector John , the "Türkenhülfe" for "drangsalige Sorgfältigkeiten and distress in religion and religious matters". In 1542, on April 15 , Elector Johann Friedrich again issued a Turkish tax regulation, "the Turk to resist".
Since the defeat of the Turks in front of Vienna in 1683 in the Battle of Kahlenberg , they initially remained present in Europe , but were largely displaced in the course of the following two centuries, among other things by the Russian expansion to the south.
The Turkish tax is also important for historians and chroniclers, as the tax lists drawn up are in many cases the first evidence of the establishment of settlements and also of population figures for communities.
- Turkish tax in the bishoprics of Basel and Constance
The quinquenal Turkish tax (tax to be collected every five years) was levied by the entire clergy in all Austrian countries in order to support the repair and maintenance of the Hungarian fortresses on the Turkish border. This tax was therefore in Austria, the Bishopric of Basel associated Fricktal driven.
The Pope approved the collection of these taxes for the first time in 1726 and then renewed them again and again for 5 years until he granted a 15-year approval in 1753. The collector was the Bishop of Constance ; The respective dean was the sub-collector for the Sisgau and Frickgau chapters . When the Austrian government in Freiburg im Breisgau announced a renewed extension to 5 years in 1768, it turned out that the emperor had made this decree alone, without having obtained the approval of the Pope. The bishop then refused to pay. In response to the legal threat from the Austrian government, the Bishop of Basel replied that under such circumstances (lack of papal approval) he could not do anything and that he would not intervene authoritatively.
See also
literature
- Helmut von Jan: The Turkish tax register of the Electoral Palatinate Oberamt Neustadt from 1584 , from the Speyer State Archives, 6 deliveries with introduction, publisher: Palatinate-Rhenish Family Studies 1962–1964.
- Elisabeth Dressel, Andrea Harnisch: Finding aid for Vogtland taxpayers and non-taxpayers 1529/1545. Self-published, Hamburg, Plauen 2002.
- Thomas Heiler (Hrsg.): The Turkish tax register of the prince abbey of Fulda from 1605. Parzeller , Fulda 2004, ISBN 3-7900-0362-X ( publications of the Fulda history association , volume 64).
- Wolfgang von Hippel (Hrsg.): Turkish tax and citizen census: statistical materials on the population and economy of the Duchy of Württemberg in the 16th century. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-17-020763-9 (A publication by the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg).
- Alfons Pausch: Turkish tax in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. Documents from the 16th century. Deubner, Cologne 1986, ISBN 3-88606-107-8 .
- Wolfgang Steglich: The Reichstürkenhilfe in the time of Karl V. In: Military history messages. 11, 1972, pp. 7-55.
- Franz Pichler: The tax burden on the Styrian population due to the state defense against the Turks. In: Communications from the Styrian State Archives MStLA, Volume 35/36, year 1985/1986. Pichler, tax burden (PDF file; 3 MB)
- Ascan Westermann: The Turkish Aid and the Political-Church Parties at the Reichstag in Regensburg 1532. Kraus, Nendeln / Liechtenstein 1979 (reprint of the Heidelberg 1910 edition), ISBN 3-262-01431-1 .
- Karl-Otto Bull: The average wealth in the old Württemberg towns and villages around 1545 according to the Turkish tax lists. Part 12.1. In: Schröder, Karl Heinz; Miller, Max (ed.): Historical Atlas of Baden-Württemberg. On behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart: o. Verlag, 1975, ISBN 3-921201-10-1 .
- Winfried Schulze : Empire and Turkish threat in the late 16th century: Studies on the political and social effects of an external threat . Munich, CH Beck, 1978, ISBN 3-406-01680-4
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Thomas Heiler: The Turkish tax register of the prince abbey of Fulda from 1605 , ( published in the Fuldaer Geschichtsbl Blätter des Fuldaer Geschichtsverein ; No. 64), Fulda, Parzeller-Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-7900-0362-X , p 14-16.
- ↑ Thomas Heiler: The Turkish tax register of the abbey of Fulda from 1605 , p. 18/19
- ↑ Otto Kius: The financial system of the Ernestine House of Saxony in the sixteenth century , Verlag Hermann Böhlau, Weimar 1863, p. 70 digitized version , accessed on January 27, 2015
- ↑ Gottfried August Arndt: Archive of Saxon History , Part 2, Verlag Weidmanns Erben und Reich, Leipzig 1785, pp. 317–332 digitized version , accessed on January 27, 2015
- ^ Bishop of Basel: Quinquenal-Türkensteuer , January 28, 1726 - November 22, 1769, in the archives of the former Principality of Basel, (online catalog) , accessed on March 1, 2018.
- ^ Bishop of Basel: files and correspondence concerning the taxes demanded by the entire clergy in all Austrian countries, to which the Fricktal should also contribute, raised for the war between Austria and Prussia (Seven Years War) and for the repayment of the national debt incurred as a result , November 6, 1758 - September 25, 1773, in the archive of the former Principality of Basel, online catalog , accessed on March 1, 2018.