Celtic settlement Oberleiserberg
The Celtic settlement at Oberleiserberg in the market town of Ernst Brunn in Lower Austria is invested in several phases Latène Celtic hilltop settlement on a plateau above the Weinviertel rises.
Location and archeology
The Oberleiser Berg has a favorable location both topographically and in terms of transport: the plateau rises steeply on the west, north and east sides, in the south it slopes gently onto flat terrain - the so-called "Vorburg". The plateau measures 360 × 250 m, which results in an area of around 6.5 hectares.
Excavations that took place over a long period from 1925 to 1933 (by Herbert Mitscha-Märheim and Eleonore Nischer-Falkenhof), 1976 to 1990 ( Herwig Friesinger ), 1996 to 2001, 2003 to 2005 and 2007 (by Alois Stuppner from the Institute for Prehistory and Historical Archeology ), rich finds have been made from prehistory and early history . For this purpose, a geophysical prospection was carried out in 1997/98 by the ArcheoProspections Vienna of the Ludwig Boltzmann Society . The Oberleiser Berg is one of the few hilltop settlements in the central Danube region from the Latène period with well-preserved traces of building. In total, more than 24 residential objects, several small ancillary objects and a large number of litter finds were archaeologically researched and recovered by 2007. The finds indicate extensive direct and indirect trade relations.
Settlement history
The history of settlement on the Oberleiser Berg probably began with the early to middle La Tène period (from ~ 400 BC). The coin finds point to the late Latène period as the high point, the slow decline to decay is for the middle of the 1st century BC. To determine. The end of the settlement on Oberleiser Berg coincides with the end of the Latène culture in Moravia. A possible but not yet fully explored reason for this could be the war between Boiern and Dakern . A further, albeit minor, settlement of the Oberleiser Berg after this time cannot be ruled out.
Find situation
Simply erected pit houses with an area of around 5 × 3 m are the most common settlement objects , plus there are very large ramparts that span the entire plateau. The relationship between these walls and the residential buildings has not yet been satisfactorily clarified.
Coins
Mainly Celtic, especially Boian coins were discovered, currently around 145 objects are known. These finds begin in the Middle Latène (from 280 BC) with simply imitation ⅛-Athena-Alkis- Stateren and other smaller silver coins, but more common are those dating back to the 1st century BC. To be dated. These include two golden shell staters as well as smaller divisional coins (⅓ and ⅛ staters, as well as Boische silver coins), plus local patterns, namely didrachms based on Noric and Pannonian models . A large number of original coins imported from these areas and from Western Celtic Vindelicia , a piece even from Massinissa's Numidia , indicate extensive trade.
Metal objects
Among the metal objects, the fibulae are strongly represented with around 250 each made of iron, 50 made of bronze and two silver fibulae . The design features - 70 imitations of iron bowl brooches and 30 cast bronze brooches - suggest local production. In addition, there were tools (knives, spout hatchets and hoes , files, kettle hooks , spoon burs , keys), as well as other traditional costume components (belt hooks, some in palmette form , belt tongues , belt pendants, decorative nails, buttons, finger, arm and collars, belt chains), fine tools ( tweezers , toilet flatware , fine scales, fine saws , bone saws, fishing hook), mirror with handle, bronze vessels and sieves, Ösenstifte, ornamental plates and chains, and spores have been found. Some objects were designed zoomorphically (in the shape of an animal), a small bronze votive figure in human form had a torque and an erect phallus .
Not metal, but pieces of jewelry include glass bracelets and ring pearls.
Ceramic objects
Most of the finds were hard-fired ceramic material from the Latène period. In the case of the clay pots, almost only local products and few imports can be identified (from Campania , Dacia and Békásmegyer near Budapest ). Most of the recovered fragments testify to the use of the potter's wheel , the surfaces are well smoothed, the turning grooves on the inside are clearly visible. Some bowls and pots are made of gray and have a sandy, rough surface, while others are decorated with a comb. Also, spindle whorls and loom weights have been made of clay. Graphite clay was used for better vessels . Some objects have a pottery mark incised on the floor, for example two wavy lines, as they are also known from Milovice u Mikulova near Mušov in Moravia . It is not possible to determine with certainty whether these are imported goods. There is also painted clay, as evidenced by many shards. The painting was done in red and white with simple patterns and lines, rarely with more sophisticated geometric decorations.
In total, the design and processing correspond to the types that were found in the Central European settlements of this period.
literature
- Maciej Karwowski: The Latène period hilltop settlement on Oberleiserberg near Ernstbrunn in Lower Austria. In: Settlement Dynamics and Society. Contributions to the international colloquium on the history of Celtic settlement in the Bavarian Danube region, Austria and the Czech Republic, Straubing, March 2006, special volume 3, p. 411 f.
- Herbert Mitscha-Märheim, Ernst von Nischer von Falkenhof: The Oberleiserberg: a center of prehistoric and early historical settlement: Report on the work carried out in the years 1925 to 1928 with the support of the Academy of Sciences in Vienna. Hölder-Pichler-Tempski, 1929.
- Susanne Sievers , Otto Helmut Urban , Peter C. Ramsl: Lexicon for Celtic Archeology. A-K; L-Z. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-7001-6765-5 , p. 1399 f.
- Alois Stuppner: Around the Oberleiserberg: Archaeological monuments of the communities Ernstbrunn and Niederleis. Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory of the University of Vienna, Vienna 2006, ISBN 3-200-00596-3 .
- Otto Helmut Urban (ed.): The Celts in the Alps and on the Danube. Files of the International Symposium St. Pölten, October 1992, Budapest-Vienna 1996, Archaeolingua, Volume 1; Chapter A.Kern: Late Latène Age finds from Oberleiserberg, MG Ernstbrunn, Lower Austria. Pp. 385-393.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archeology ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on archpro.lbg.ac.at, accessed on July 20, 2013.
