Mušov

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Church of St. Leonhard

Mušov (German Muschau ) is a desert in the Czech Republic . It is located twelve kilometers north of Mikulov ( Nikolsburg ) in the central Thaya reservoir of Nové Mlýny ( Neumühl ). Your corridors belong to the municipality Pasohlávky ( White centers ) in Brno-Country District ( District Brno-Country ). The church of St. Leonhard.

history

Settlement finds can be traced back to the Stone Age , the Younger Bronze Age , the Hallstatt Age and the La Tène Period . At the time of the Marcomann Wars (166–180 AD) there was a vast military base of the Roman army at today's Mušov , which is occupied by a Roman bath building and several military camps, the remains of which were found here. Here in 1988 the so-called “ Royal Tomb of Mušov ” was discovered, which dates back to the time of the Marcomannic Wars and in which a Germanic leader who was probably friendly to Rome was buried. Finds are also documented for the time of the Great Migration . The oldest Slavic settlement began in the second half of the 6th century.

In the 11th to 13th centuries there was a great movement of settlements from west to east. Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty from 1019 to 1027 . In order to use larger areas for agriculture and thus achieve higher yields, the colonists advertised them, for example, with ten years of tax exemption (German settler law). By 1150, the area around Mikulov ( Nikolsburg ) and Znojmo ( Znaim ) was settled by German immigrants from Lower Austria . The layout of the village and the ui dialect show that they originally came from the Bavarian areas of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau. They brought new agricultural equipment with them and introduced the high-yield three-field economy .

In the Laa deed of December 4, 1237, the place owned by the Lords of Dürnholz and a Romanesque chapel are mentioned. In 1249 the place came to Heinrich I of Liechtenstein . Another mention of "Muschaw" took place 1332. For the year 1414 in a Urbar special fishing rights records. During the Hussite Wars , the “Taborgraben” offered the place protection. This was a 250 m long ring wall, the origin of which was very early.

In 1560 Christoph von Liechtenstein had to sell Muschau with the rule of Nikolsburg to the Hungarian baron Ladislaus von Kereczeny and Kaniafeld. From 1566 the rule belonged to his son Christoph von Kereczeny and Kaniafeld, who also granted Muschau market rights in 1570. After his childless death in 1572, the rule of Nikolsburg fell to the emperor, who then gave it to Adam von Dietrichstein in 1575 .

At the time of the Reformation , at the beginning of the 16th century, the parish was temporarily Protestant and the place was inhabited by members of the radical Reformation Anabaptist movement . During the re-catholicization around 1582, the church was consecrated anew by the Olomouc bishop Stanislaus Pavlovský of Pavlovitz . Subsequently, 161 people resumed the Catholic faith.

In 1609 Muschau received a mining law . During the Thirty Years War in 1622 the Anabaptists ( Hutterites ) were expelled from the country. They then moved on to Transylvania . With the construction of the Kaiserstrasse from Vienna to Brno in 1754, Muschau experienced an economic boom. Muschau was parish in Bergen until 1761 and only became an independent parish again from 1865. Registries have been kept since 1627 (online search via the Brno Provincial Archives). Land registers have been kept since 1759. At the same time a school was established in Muschau, and in 1796 it was restored and expanded. In 1804 a major fire destroyed 50 houses. To replace the old school, a new school was built in 1831, which was expanded to two classes in 1883.

Because of the damming at the confluence of the Thaya, Svratka ( Schwarza ) and Jihlava ( Igel ) rivers, Muschau was often flooded twice a year. That is why brick bridges were built in the flood plain and, as part of the Thaya regulation, around 1892, the river bed from the mill to the Iron Bridge was dredged three meters deep. Since the recurring floods could not be prevented, a reservoir with a hydroelectric power station was created in 1979.

Most of the inhabitants of Muschau lived from fishing and agriculture, although the otherwise important viticulture in South Moravia did not play an important role here. There was also a flourishing small business, a Raiffeisenkassa, a milk collection point of the Brno dairy and a mill, which was closed in 1889 due to the Thaya regulation. Four years later, a volunteer fire and water service was founded in the village.

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the emperor's throne in 1908, the imperial family was thanked by a monument to Emperor Josef II.

After the First World War and the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919, the place, of which 98% of the inhabitants belonged to the German language group in 1910, became part of the new Czechoslovak Republic . In the same year the Kaiser Josef II monument was removed and a war memorial was erected on its base in 1927. In 1924 the place was electrified. In 1928 the market right was revived by pickle markets. In the interwar period , new settlers and the filling of civil servants led to an increased influx of people of Czech nationality.

Measures such as the land reform and the language ordinance, which helped to settle Czechs in the German communities, exacerbated the resulting tensions. When the autonomy demanded by the German South Moravians was not negotiated and armed conflicts threatened, the Western powers induced the Czech government to cede the peripheral areas, which was regulated in the Munich Agreement , to Germany. Thus, on October 1, 1938, Muschau became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau .

After the end of the Second World War (May 8, 1945) - which claimed 57 victims there - the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement, including Muschau, were reassigned to Czechoslovakia . When the Muschauer, who fled with the retreating front, returned to their hometown, they found many of their houses already occupied by Czech partisans . 22 civilians died in the excesses by militant Czechs. The Beneš Decree 115/46 (Law on Exemption from Punishment) protects against legal processing of the events. When attempting a post-war order, the victorious powers of the Second World War did not take a concrete position on August 2, 1945 in the Potsdam Protocol , Article XIII, on the ongoing “wild” expulsions of the German population. However, they explicitly called for an "orderly and humane transfer" of the "German population segments" that "remained in Czechoslovakia". Some Muschau families fled from the onset of post-war excesses and the majority were expelled across the border into Austria on August 20, 1945. Officially, two local residents were forcibly evacuated to West Germany in 1946. Nine people could stay in the place. The assets of the German residents were confiscated by the Beneš decree  108 , the assets of the Protestant church were liquidated by the Beneš decree  131 and the local Catholic church was expropriated during the communist era . The Czech Republic has not made amends .

In accordance with the original transfer goals of the Potsdam Communiqué, the Red Army demanded the deportation of all ethnic Germans from Austria to Germany in January 1946 . Nevertheless, 238 Muschauer were able to remain in Austria, 471 people were transferred to Germany.

The municipality intended for demise was incorporated into Pasohlávky ( Weißstätten ) in 1976 . After the flooding, Mušov was disbanded on January 1, 1980. The inhabitants of the former market town had previously been relocated to Pasohlávky ( Weißstätten ) and Pohořelice ( Pohrlitz ). Only four islands in the middle reservoir are reminiscent of Mušov. The church of Mušov stands on the largest island. Ownership of the church since 1999, the municipality Ivaň ( Eibis ).

Coat of arms and seal

With the elevation to the market , Muschau was also granted the right to seal . At the same time as the right to seal, the ruler Christoph von Liechtenstein also gave his market a coat of arms in 1570 .

Population development

census
Total population		 Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1880 667 662 5 0
1890 695 687 7th 1
1900 665 650 14th 1
1910 742 729 12 1
1921 742 707 17th 18th
1930 730 667 38 25th

Attractions

  • The former parish church of St. Leonhard goes back to a Romanesque church building from the first half of the 13th century. The altar of St. After the demise of the town, Leonhard was brought to the Church of the Assumption of Our Lady in Černvír .

literature

  • J. Matzura: Muschau an der Thaya , 1925
  • Hans Freising: Newly discovered prehistoric settlements in the judicial district of Nikolsburg , Tagesbote, 1931
  • Hans Freising: Celts in the area around the Polauer Berge , Heimatblatt for the Nikolsburg district, 1933
  • Johann Zabel: Church handler for South Moravia , 1941, p. 21
  • Josef Freising: Local history of Muschau 1934 , new edition, 1991
  • M. Zemek, Josef Unger: Jižni Moravě, 1982, p. 117
  • Peter Frank: Muschau , 1981
  • Jaroslav Peška: The Royal Crypt of Mušov , 1991
  • Jaroslav Tejral, Jaroslav Peška, The Germanic royal tomb of Mušov in Moravia . (Monographs of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum 55). Publishing house of the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz 2002
  • Hans Lederer: Contributions to Muschauer History , 1999
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 230, 237, 407, 409, 425, 431, 540, 573, 577 .
  • Gerald Frodel, Walfried Blaschka: Der Kreis Nikolsburg A - Z , 2006, p. 130 ff.
  • Franz Josef Schwoy : Topography of the Markgrafthum Moravia , Vol. 1–3, Vienna 1793.
  • Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate of Moravia topographically, statistically and historically . Vol. II, Brno, 1837, p. 202.
  • Margarethe Beninger, Hans Freising: The Germanic soil finds in Moravia . (Institute for Sudeten German Local Research, Prehistory Department 4). Reichenberg 1933
  • Josef Unger, Metoděj Zemek: Z osudů nedávno zaňiklého Mušova , 1982
  • Anton Schwetter, Anton Kern: Local history for the political district of Nikolsburg , 1911
  • Emil Kordiovsky: Mušov 2000

Web links

Commons : Mušov  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German in the Czech Republic , planet-wissen.de, as of August 24, 2016
  2. ^ Joachim Rogall: Germans and Czechs: History, Culture, Politics Verlag CH Beck, 2003. ISBN 3-406-45954-4 . Preface by Václav Havel. Chapter: The Přemyslids and the German colonization P. 33 f.
  3. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
  4. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words, 620 pages self-published. 1999.
  5. ↑ Bernd Längin: The Hutterites . 1986, p. 237.
  6. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives in Brno (cz., Dt.), Accessed on March 22, 2011.
  7. ^ Wilhelm Szegeda: Local history reading book of the school district Nikolsburg. 1935, approved teaching aid, teachers' association Pohrlitz Verlag, Muschau, p. 87.
  8. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 . Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X .
  9. ↑ M. Zemek, A. Zimakova: Mistopis Mikolovska 1848–1960 Olomouc 1969
  10. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938 . Munich 1967.
  11. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from A – Z, South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, 2006, p. 216.
  12. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
  13. ↑ Milan Churaň: Potsdam and Czechoslovakia. 2007, ISBN 978-3-9810491-7-6 .
  14. ↑ Mikulov Archives: Odsun Nĕmců - transport odeslaný dne 20. kvĕtna, 1946
  15. ↑ William Jun / Ludislava Šuláková: The problem of Abschubs the Germans in the files of the national committee (MNV) and the District People's Committee (ONV) Mikulov. Verlag Maurer, Südmährisches Jahrbuch 2001, p. 45, ISSN  0562-5262 .
  16. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria in 1945/46. Diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995.
  17. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 239 .
  18. ↑ Brunnhilde Scheuringer: 30 years later. The integration of ethnic German refugees and displaced persons in Austria. Braumüller, 1983, ISBN 3-7003-0507-9 .
  19. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae Bl. IV, p. 42
  20. ↑ Statistickỳ Lexicon obcí České Republiky 1992, Praha 1994
  21. ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from January 30, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.nasemorava.cz

Coordinates: 48 ° 54 '  N , 16 ° 36'  E