Pohořelice

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Pohořelice
Coat of arms of Pohořelice
Pohořelice (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Brno-venkov
Area : 4303 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 59 ′  N , 16 ° 31 ′  E Coordinates: 48 ° 58 ′ 52 "  N , 16 ° 31 ′ 28"  E
Height: 181  m nm
Residents : 5,051 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 691 23
License plate : B.
structure
Status: city
Districts: 3
administration
Mayor : Josef Svoboda (as of 2010)
Address: Videnská 699
691 23 Pohořelice
Municipality number: 584801
Website : www.pohorelice.cz

Pohořelice (German Pohrlitz , formerly Porlitz ) is a town in the Czech region of South Moravia . It is located 25 km south of Brno .

geography

Pohořelice is located on the Jihlava in the Thaya-Schwarza valley basin . The neighboring towns are in the north Odrovice ( Odrowitz ), in the west Branišovice ( Frainspitz ) and in the east Přibice ( Pribitz ).

history

Pohořelice

The first written mention of Pohořelice and the parish church of James the Elder comes from 1222. The spelling of the place changed several times over the centuries. In 1222 they wrote “Borlitz”, 1391 “Pocherlicz” and 1425 “Poherliz”. In 1231 the place received several privileges from King Wenceslaus I. The letter of grace from the Roman-German King Rudolf I , allegedly in 1278, later turned out to be a forgery by Antonín Boček . The main trade connection from Brno via Znaim to Vienna ran through the town . Before 1350 Pohořelice received town charter. In 1412 the city was attacked and sacked by robber knights. During the Hussite Wars , the city was conquered by the Hussites in 1426. In 1442 the city walls are torn down.

In 1512 Wilhelm II of Pernstein received the royal city of “Borlitz” as hereditary property. From 1590 the city is considered Lutheran and two years later a school is recorded for the first time. Various non-Lutheran groups such as the Anabaptists had also settled in Pohořelice. During this time a significant Jewish community emerged. Both parts of the community were administered separately, but there was cooperation in many areas. An example of this were the two night watchmen, one of whom was a Jew and the other a Christian. Friedrich von Zierotin was one of the subsequent owners . After the victory of the imperial troops in the Battle of White Mountain at the beginning of the Thirty Years War , the Counter Reformation began in Moravia. In 1620 the place was looted and pillaged twice. The Anabaptists were expelled from the country and most of them move on to Transylvania . In 1645, Swedish troops under General Lennart Torstensson conquered the city. In addition to the looting, the plague was also brought in by the Swedes. 456 of 500 inhabitants died from this epidemic. Due to the good infrastructure, a post office was opened in the city in 1663. In 1667 a major fire broke out in the city, which also destroyed the church. Registries have been kept since 1669. To protect the church from possible fires, all buildings around the church were demolished in 1714. In 1727 the Kaiserstraße from Brno to Vienna was built. At that time Pohrlitz was part of the Nikolsburg rule and owned by the Lords of Dietrichstein . During the First Silesian War , the Prussian King Friedrich II lived in Pohrlitz for a long time from March 12, 1742. In 1784 a new school building was built.

In 1804 an imperial road to Znojmo was built. During the Fifth Coalition War , Pohrlitz was occupied by French troops in 1805. A day later, Emperor Napoléon arrived in the city and stayed overnight. After the Battle of Austerlitz , the French left the city, which suffered badly from the occupation. In the summer of the following year, another major fire broke out and destroyed 93 houses, the inn, 30 barns and the synagogue. In the war against France in 1809 Pohrlitz was occupied again by French troops. The city suffered heavy financial losses again, but these were not as dramatic as four years earlier.

Pohrlitz around 1900

In 1819 the city passed to Duke Albrecht von Sachsen-Teschen, but three years later Pohrlitz was under the administration of Archduke Karl. From then on, the place remained in the possession of the imperial family, which in 1830 granted the city the right to hold a weekly market. In 1831 the riot raged in the village and claimed 59 victims. After the thaw in 1845, the Igel river swelled so much that it carried away three bridges in Pohrlitz. After the abolition of patrimonial Pohrlitz formed from 1850 a municipality in the district administration Auspitz and was assigned to the judicial district of Groß Seelowitz . Street lighting was installed in the city in 1873. A year later a volunteer fire brigade was founded. From 1892 Pohrlitz was connected to the northern railway line . In 1901 Pohrlitz became the seat of a district court.

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary after the First World War , Pohořelice, like all of Moravia, became part of the newly founded Czechoslovakia . In 1910, 89% of city residents declared themselves German-speaking. Many of them registered as Czechs after 1918. As a result, and also through government measures such as the land reform of 1919, the 1926 language ordinance, new appointments to civil service posts and the resettlement of their families, the proportion of Czech-speaking residents increased significantly. Between the 1910 and 1930 censuses, the proportion of German residents fell by 54%. During a demonstration against arbitrary Czech acts on February 18, 1920, two Germans were shot. Armed national conflicts loomed in the country. 18 years later, in the Munich Agreement of September 30, 1938, Germany, England, France and Italy, without the participation of Czechoslovakia, forced the consent of the Czechoslovak government to cede the German-speaking peripheral areas to Germany. On October 1, Pohrlitz also became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau , although the vast majority of the inhabitants were Czechs. In the same year, many Czechs and Jews were expelled by the National Socialists and the synagogue was cleared for demolition.

Before the end of the war, three Pohrlitzers were killed in air raids. The city is captured by Soviet troops on May 7th. The Second World War claimed 100 dead and missing among the inhabitants of Pohrlitz and ended on May 8, 1945. The territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement (1939) were returned to Czechoslovakia based on the Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) . Before the onset of tribulations from militant Czechs, many German Moravians fled across the poorly guarded border to Austria, convinced that they would soon be able to return after these riots. When attempting a post-war order, the victorious powers of the war demanded in the Potsdam Protocol on August 2, 1945 an “orderly and humane transfer” of the “German parts of the population” that “remained in Czechoslovakia”. Between March and October 1946, 548 Pohrlitzers were forcibly resettled to West Germany. The property was confiscated. The report by Francis E. Walter to the US House of Representatives attests that these transports were not carried out in a “proper and humane” manner.

On May 31, 1945 the column of expelled Brno people was led through Pohrlitz. Since they were initially refused entry into Austria, they were housed outdoors at Pohrlitz or in a former army camp. Many German South Moravians died as a result of epidemics and excesses ( Brno death march ). The local residents who came to Austria were transferred to Germany with the exception of 200 people in accordance with the original transfer goals of the Potsdam Communiqué .

On May 20, 2015, the Brno City Council apologized for the violent evictions, for the "act of revenge" that was "intended to be a retribution for Nazi crimes" and that "was primarily directed against women, children and the elderly". He said that he sincerely regretted the events at that time and expressed his wish "that all past injustices may be forgiven." A memorial march (in the opposite direction) from Pohrlitz to Brno was decided on May 30, 2015. The Lord Mayor of Brno Petr Vokřál also invited representatives of associations of expellees in Germany and Austria to use the expulsion of the Brno Germans as an occasion for a joint commemoration.

Pohrlitz belonged to the Okres Břeclav ( Lundenburg district ) until December 31, 2006 ; since January 1, 2007 the municipality is assigned to the Okres Brno-venkov ( Brno-Land district ).

Coat of arms and seal

The oldest seal in the city shows the inscription "SIGILL VM CIVICM DE POHORLIC" and in it a Gothic pointed shield. This depicts a three-tower battlement castle with a high central area and a pointed arch gate. Later seals show tulips or three winged angel heads on the outer edge of the Gothic pointed shield, each with two rose petals. In the interwar period, the seal became bilingual. The Jewish community had its own seal.

The coat of arms resembled the seal image. The towers and walls were silver, the gate gold, and the shield blue. The angel heads were golden.

Population development

census Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1880 3270 2211 1010 49
1890 3412 3013 378 21st
1900 3473 2735 723 15th
1910 3518 3119 399 40
1921 3772 1226 2229 81
1930 4290 1210 2816 264
Source: 1793, 1836, 1850 from: South Moravia from A – Z, Frodl, Blaschka
Other: Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848–1960, sv.9. 1984

City structure

The town of Pohořelice consists of the districts Nová Ves ( Mariahilf ), Pohořelice ( Pohrlitz ) and Smolín ( Mohleis ) and the settlement of Velký Dvůr ( Großhof ).

economy

Large parts of the Pohrlitz population lived from agriculture. In addition to the cultivation of various types of grain, the good climate also enabled the cultivation of sugar beets, rapeseed, potatoes, vegetables and fruit. Pears and plums were particularly favored for fruit growing. In the city there was a sugar factory (1873), three brickworks, three mills, a milk collection point and two dairies. Until 1900, net gloves, pottery and weaving mills were produced at home.

Twin cities

Attractions

Leopoldsruhe hunting lodge
  • Propsteikirche St. Jakob, Gothic hall church from the 13th century, tower raised in the 16th century, restored after a fire in 1667.
  • Jewish Cemetery
  • Baroque Leopoldsruhe hunting lodge by Franz Anton Grimm in the Velký Dvůr settlement
  • War memorial. It was created in 1931 and destroyed by the Czechs after World War II.
  • War memorial of the Jewish community
  • Kaiser Joseph II monument (1892, demolished 1919)

sons and daughters of the town

  • Eugen Beyer (1882–1940) Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal and German General
  • Franz Nosek (1840–1924) Member of the Moravian Parliament and local researcher
  • Jakob Fischer (1849–1933) composer
  • Franz Rund (1853–1933) Member of the Moravian Parliament and Mayor until 1919
  • Karl Ritter von Görner (1858–1924) publicist
  • Karl Beurle (1860–1919) lawyer, economic pioneer, 1890–1919 member of the Upper Austrian. Landtag, 1901–1907 member of the Reichstag, 1917 member of the Herrenhaus
  • Věra Špinarová (1951–2017) singer

Books about Pohořelice

  • Anton Weixer: Description of the ancient market and parish town of Altstadt Pohrlitz , 1827
  • Johann Edler: Chronicle of the places Seelowitz, Pohrlitz and the surrounding area , 1859
  • Augustin Kratochvil: Pohoøelský okres - Vlastivìda moravská cis. 81 , 1913
  • Josef Pfann: Chronicle of the City of Pohrlitz , 1922
  • Karl Petzina: Address book of the political districts Nikolsburg and Pohrlitz , 1926
  • Franz Schmidt: Annual report of the German Boys and Girls Citizens School in Pohrlitz 1929/30 , 1930
  • Sylvestr Nováèek: Mikulovsko a Pohoøelicko od nástupu nacismu k osednému Mnichovu , 1960
  • Eduard Sellner, Hugo Sellner, Alois Doffek: History of Pohrlitz , 1978
  • Franz Nosek, Wilhelm Jun: History of Pohrlitz , 1995
  • Wilhelm Jun: Excerpt from the school chronicle of the German elementary school Pohrlitz, 1917–1943 , 1998
  • Wilhelm Jun: House and Family Directory Pohrlitz 1945 , 1999
  • City of Pohrlitz Pohoøelický Zpravodaj, 1994–1998
  • City of Pohrlitz Pohoøelický Zpravodaj, 1999–2002
  • Wilhelm Jun: Pohrlitz INFO 1999 to 2003 , 2004
  • Memorial book of the men's choir Hesperus Pohrlitz
  • Franz Bergmann: Pohrlitzer Zeitung, Volume 1/2, Issue 1-58
  • Johann Moder: The rural professional organization of the judicial district Pohrlitz

literature

  • Wilhelm Szegeda: Local history reading book of the Nikolsburg school district, 1935, approved teaching aid, teachers' association Pohrlitz Verlag, p. 104
  • Georg Dehio , Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German Art Monuments in the Ostmark, 1941, Anton Schroll & Co, p. 377
  • Ilse Tielsch -Felzmann: South Moravian Legends . Munich, Verl. Heimatwerk, 1969
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. , Pohrlitz: p. 30f; C. Maurer Verlag, Geislingen / Steige 1990, ISBN 3-927498-13-0
  • Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. , Pohrlitz, p. 183f, Josef Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: Geschichte Südmährens Vol. 3, Pohrlitz: S. 240f, C. Maurer Verlag, Geislingen / Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0
  • Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from A to Z , p. 163f, South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2006

Web links

Commons : Pohořelice  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  2. ↑ Document No. 159 in: Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae , studio et opere Antonii Boczek. Tomus quartus 1845, p. 220, online in the Google book search.
  3. ^ Hugo Gold: Memorial book of the lost Jewish communities in Moravia , 1974, p. 102
  4. ↑ Bernd Längin: Die Hutterer , 1986, p. 237
  5. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 30, 2011.
  6. ^ Johann Eder: Chronicle of the places Seelowitz and Pohrlitz and their surroundings , p. 275
  7. ^ Gregor Wolny : The Margraviate Moravia , 1836, p. 442
  8. ^ Johann Eder: Chronicle of the places Seelowitz and Pohrlitz and their surroundings , p. 286f
  9. ^ Johann Eder: Chronicle of the places Seelowitz and Pohrlitz and their surroundings , p. 297
  10. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938 , Munich 1967
  11. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: Der Kreis Nikolsburg von AZ, 2006, Pohrlitz p. 166
  12. ↑ O. Kimminich: The assessment of the Munich Agreement in the Prague Treaty and in the literature on international law published on it , Munich 1988, and http://www.wissen.de/lexikon/muenchner-abkommen (accessed on September 15, 2013)
  13. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
  14. ↑ Milan Churaň: Potsdam and Czechoslovakia. 2007, ISBN 978-3-9810491-7-6 .
  15. ↑ a b Archive Mikulov, Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. kvĕtna, 1946.
  16. ^ Walter, Francis E. (1950): Expellees and Refugees of German ethnic Origin. Report of a Special Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, HR 2nd Session, Report No. 1841, Washington, March 24, 1950.
  17. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ, South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige, 2006, Book of the Dead p. 216
  18. ^ Wilhelm Turnwald: Documents on the expulsion of the Sudeten Germans, special edition: Europa-Buchhandlung, Munich, 1951, pp. 63, 65, 74, 77
  19. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  20. ↑ Brunnhilde Scheuringer: 30 years later. The integration of ethnic German refugees and displaced persons in Austria, publisher: Braumüller, 1983, ISBN 3-7003-0507-9
  21. ↑ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodel: History of South Moravia, Volume 3 (2001), Pohrlitz 243. ISBN 3-927498-27-0
  22. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae Bl. XI, p. 3