Malešovice

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Malešovice
Malešovice coat of arms
Malešovice (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Brno-venkov
Area : 920 ha
Geographic location : 49 ° 1 '  N , 16 ° 30'  E Coordinates: 49 ° 1 '24 "  N , 16 ° 29' 59"  E
Height: 187  m nm
Residents : 676 (Jan. 1, 2019)
Postal code : 664 65
License plate : B.
structure
Status: local community
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : Zdeněk Ševčík (status: 2009)
Address: Malešovice 50
664 65 Malešovice
Municipality number: 583332
Website : www.malesovice.cz

Malešovice (German Malspitz ) is a municipality in Jihomoravský kraj ( South Moravia ) in the Czech Republic . It is located 20 kilometers south of Brno ( Brno ). The place is laid out as a square village.

geography

Neighboring towns are in the south Odrovice ( Odrowitz ), in the west Loděnice ( Lodenitz ), in the east Medlov ( Mödlau ) and in the north Kupařovice ( Kuprowitz ).

history

Main square of Malspitz

In the 11th to 13th centuries there was a great movement of settlements from west to east. Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty from 1031 to 1305 . In order to use larger areas for agriculture and thus achieve higher yields, the colonists advertised them, for example, with ten years of tax exemption (German settler law). By 1150, the area around Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Znojmo (Znaim) was settled by German immigrants from Lower Austria . The ui dialect that was spoken until 1945 and the layout of the village show that they originally came from the Bavarian areas of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau. They brought new agricultural equipment with them and introduced the high-yield three-field economy .

The first written mention of Malspitz comes from the year 1276. A previously dated document could be identified as a forgery. Also in the years 1348, 1498, 1593 and 1674 the place appears in different documents. In 1580 Malspitz came under the administration of the Rosa Coeli monastery . During the time of the Reformation , the religious renewal movement of the church, the Evangelical Church was founded and the place became Lutheran in 1556 .

After the Bohemian uprising in 1618, which triggered the Thirty Years War , and the victory of the imperial in the Battle of the White Mountain , the place was confiscated and sold to Cardinal Franz von Dietrichstein in 1622 . He introduced the Counter Reformation in Malspitz, which led the inhabitants back to the Catholic faith. In 1645 Malspitz was occupied by Swedish troops under Lennart Torstensson . The goldsmith Simon Fischer from Malspitz received Brno citizenship in 1652 because he had participated in the defense of Brno against the Swedes in 1643 and 1645. An important economic branch in Malspitz was the bleaching of linen. From 1722 Lodenitz is again an independent parish. In 1858 the Counts of Herberstein took over the patronage of the parish. A volunteer fire brigade was established in 1878. The balanced warm climate makes the area a fertile garden for wine and fruit of special quality. In 1928 over 23,000 fruit trees grew in the community. In addition to all types of grain, sugar beets, oil and legumes, field vegetables, tomatoes, peppers and various types of cabbage also grow. In addition to the usual small businesses, there was a market garden, a milk cooperative and a sugar beet cooperative.

One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War , 1914–1918, was Czechoslovakia , which claimed the German-speaking areas of Bohemia , Moravia and Austrian-Silesia that were considered German Austria from the end of 1918 . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded these disputed territories to Czechoslovakia against the will of the German population there. With that, Malspitz, whose residents were 97% German Moravians , also fell to the new state in 1910 . Measures followed, such as the land reform and the language regulation, which resulted in an increase in the influx of people of Czech nationality due to settlers and newly filled civil servants. The growing efforts of the Germans to achieve autonomy led to tensions within the country and further to the Munich Agreement , which regulated the cession of the Sudeten German territories to Germany. Between 1938 and 1945 the place Malspitz belonged to the Reichsgau Niederdonau .

The Second World War claimed 52 victims from the community and ended on May 8, 1945. The territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement (1939) were returned to Czechoslovakia based on the Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) . Many German South Moravians fled to Austria before the excesses caused by militant Czechs. Others were driven across the border . There were five civilian deaths. The Beneš Decree 115/46 (Law on Exemption from Punishment) declares such actions to be unlawful until October 28, 1945 in the struggle to regain freedom ..., or which aimed at just retaliation for the acts of the occupiers or their accomplices ... . The victorious powers of World War II took on August 2, 1945 in the Potsdam Protocol , Article XIII, to the ongoing "wild" expulsions of the German population actually not position. However, they explicitly called for an "orderly and humane transfer" of the "German population segments" that "remained in Czechoslovakia". Between April 6 and October 3, 1946, 154 German Mahlspitzer were forcibly resettled to West Germany . According to Francis E. Walter's report to the US House of Representatives, at no time were these transports carried out in a "proper and humane" manner. Eleven people remained in the place. According to the Beneš decree 108, the entire property of the German residents as well as the public and church German property was confiscated and placed under state administration. The Czech Republic made no compensation for the confiscated assets. Malspitz was repopulated again.

The Malspitzer located in Austria were transferred to Germany up to about 40%, in accordance with the original transfer goals of the Potsdam Protocol. Registries have been kept since 1723. Online search via the Brno State Archives.

In 1976, Malspitz was administratively assigned to the municipality of Odrovice .

Reconstruction of the war memorial

War memorial of the First World War

In 1924, the residents of Malspitz erected a war memorial in the center of the village for those who fell in World War I. After the flight and expulsion of the German South Moravians (1945, 1946) it was largely destroyed. In 1994 the former Malspitzer carried out the extensive restoration of the memorial. Not only those who died in World War I were remembered, but also, through an additional plaque, of those who died in the Second World War.

Coat of arms and seal

The seal of the place came from the 18th century. The inscription "SIGI.ZVR: GEMAAN: MALSPITZ" originally appeared in an outer leaf wreath and an inner pearl wreath. A plow iron is depicted in the center of the seal. To the left of the plow is a five-leaf vine branch with a bunch of grapes. On the right side there is a flower branch and a vine knife.

Population development

census Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1880 477 470 2 5
1890 584 559 25th 0
1900 565 541 24 0
1910 575 558 17th 0
1921 601 534 57 10
1930 515 481 31 3

Attractions

  • The parish church of St. Stephen from 1276 was originally a fortified church. In 1886 it was rebuilt in neo-Gothic style; the high altar painting was created in 1852 by the painter Hämmerlein.
  • Statues of Saints Nepomuk and Florian

Sources and literature

  • Historical development and structure of the Malspitz community
  • Franz Beyer: Memorial book of the community Malspitz 1929
  • Wilhelm Szegeda: Local history reading book of the Nikolsburg school district, 1935, approved teaching aid, Verlag Lehrerverein Pohrlitz, Mahlspitz p. 115.
  • Erich Wrbka: Malspitz, a German village in South Moravia, 1987
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia. 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. C. Maurer Verlag, Geislingen / Steige 1990, ISBN 3-927498-13-0 , p. 19.
  • Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. Josef Knee, Vienna 1992, ISBN 3-927498-19-X , pp. 131f.
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 252 f .
  • Elsa Jagenteufel: My memories of 1938. Self-published, 1997.
  • Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from A to Z. P. 118f, Südmährischer Landschaftsrat, Geislingen / Steige 2006
  • Mikulov archive: Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. kvĕtna 1946

Web links

Commons : Malešovice  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  2. ↑ planet-wissen.de
  3. ^ Joachim Rogall: Germans and Czechs: History, Culture, Politics Verlag CH Beck, 2003, ISBN 3-406-45954-4 . Preface by Václav Havel. Chapter: The Přemyslids and the German Colonization S33 f.
  4. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia. 1989, p. 9.
  5. ^ University of Giessen (Ed.): Sudetendeutsches Wörterbuch Volume 1, 1988, Oldenbourg Verlag, ISBN 978-3-486-54822-8 .
  6. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. Self-published 25,000 dialect words. 1999.
  7. ^ Franz Josef Schwoy : Topographie vom Markgrafthum Moravia , 1793, p. 218.
  8. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: Der Kreis Nikolsburg from A to Z. 2006, p. 119.
  9. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919–1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X .
  10. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918–1938 , Munich 1967.
  11. ↑ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ, Südmährischer Landschaftsrat, Geislingen an der Steige, 2006, p. 216.
  12. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
  13. ↑ Milan Churaň: Potsdam and Czechoslovakia. 2007, ISBN 978-3-9810491-7-6 .
  14. ↑ Archive Mikulov, Odsun Němců - transport odeslaný dne 20. května, 1946th
  15. ↑ William Jun, Ludislava Šuláková: The problem of Abschubs the Germans in the files of the national committee (MNV) and the District People's Committee (ONV) Mikulov. Verlag Maurer, Südmährisches Jahrbuch 2001, p. 45, ISSN  0562-5262
  16. ↑ Walter, Francis E .: Expellees and Refugees of German ethnic Origin. Report of a Special Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, HR 2nd Session, Report No. 1841, Washington, March 24, 1950.
  17. ^ Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 252 f . (Malspitz).
  18. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46, diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995.
  19. ↑ Brunnhilde Scheuringer: 30 years later. The integration of ethnic German refugees and displaced persons in Austria, publisher: Braumüller, 1983, ISBN 3-7003-0507-9 .
  20. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved March 24, 2011.
  21. ↑ Reconstruction of the war memorial in Malspitz / Malešovice , accessed on June 12, 2015.
  22. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Moraviae , Volume VI, p. 121.
  23. ↑ Historický místopis Moravy a Slezska v letech 1848-1960 , Volume 9, 1984.
  24. ^ Johann Zabel: Kirchlicher Handweiser for South Moravia, 1941, Vicariate General Nikolsburg, Malspitz p. 42.
  25. ^ Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. 1990, Malspitz p. 19.