Troskotovice

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Troskotovice
Troskotovice coat of arms
Troskotovice (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Jihomoravský kraj
District : Brno-venkov
Area : 1812 ha
Geographic location : 48 ° 55 '  N , 16 ° 26'  E Coordinates: 48 ° 55 '10 "  N , 16 ° 26' 26"  E
Height: 193  m nm
Residents : 669 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 671 78
structure
Status: Městys
Districts: 1
administration
Mayor : Michal Ordoš (as of 2007)
Address: Troskotovice 18
671 78 Jiřice u Miroslavi
Municipality number: 594962
Website : www.troskotovice.cz

Troskotovice (German Treskowitz ) is a Městys ( Minor town ) in Jihomoravský kraj ( South Moravia ), Okres Brno-venkov ( Brno-Land District ) in the Czech Republic . The place was laid out as a square village.

geography

Troskotovice is located near Znojmo on the border with Lower Austria, about 50 km southwest of Brno and about 75 km northwest of Vienna. In the north are the Haidenberg (228 m), the Guggenberg (212 m) and the Klausenberg (210 m)

The neighboring towns are in the east Vlasatice ( Wostitz ), in the north Vinohrádky and Branišovice ( Frainspitz ), in the west Jiřice u Miroslavi ( Irritz ) and in the southwest Litobratřice ( Leipertitz ).

history

In the 11th to 13th centuries there was a great movement of settlements from west to east. Moravia was ruled by the Přemyslid dynasty from 1031 to 1305 . In order to use larger areas for agriculture and thus achieve higher yields, the colonists advertised them, for example, with ten years of tax exemption (German settler law). By 1150, the area around Mikulov (Nikolsburg) and Znojmo (Znaim) was settled by German immigrants from Lower Austria . The layout of the village and the ui dialect show that they originally came from the Bavarian areas of the dioceses of Regensburg and Passau. They brought new agricultural equipment with them and introduced the high-yield three-field economy .

Although one of the oldest places in South Moravia, the documents dated 1046 and 1052 with the mention of "Troskovicz" turned out to be forgeries from the 12th century. "Droscowicz" was mentioned in a document in 1252, as well as in 1268 and 1323, with the Latin document adding "Droscowicz sive Stetendorf". The name "Treskowitz" has remained unchanged since at least 1361 and was given to Alt-Bunzlau in the 13th century in secular hands. In 1537 the Bohemian and Roman-German King Ferdinand I granted the town market rights. In 1585 the market was given mining law.

In 1619 Treskowitz was burned down, and after the victory of the imperial troops in the battle of the White Mountain , a mission of the Jesuits was sent to Treskowitz. Through this, 511 people returned to the old faith in 1627. In 1649 a Catholic pastor appears again in the parish documents. After several changes of ownership, the place went to Rudolf von Teuffenbach in 1637 and thus to the rule of Dürnholz . In order to promote the reconstruction of the place after the war, the rent on the manorial fields was halved. In 1785 a manorial farm was dissolved and its grounds were distributed to settlers. In 1796 almost the whole place burned down. During the Revolutionary Wars , Treskowitz was occupied by French troops in 1805 and 1809, which caused considerable damage. Registries have been kept since 1631. Online search via the Brno State Archives. Land registers have been kept since 1825. The local volunteer fire department was founded in 1901. Most of the inhabitants lived from livestock and agriculture, although viticulture, which has been cultivated in South Moravia for centuries, played no particular role. Due to the favorable climate, large quantities of maize, potatoes, beets and fruit could be grown in addition to various types of grain. The reason for this was that the municipality of Treskowitz comprised one of the largest arable areas in all of South Moravia. Viticulture, which has been cultivated in South Moravia for centuries, was also carried out in Treskowitz. After 1880, however, the amount decreased so that only the company's own needs were covered. In addition to agriculture, there was a flourishing small business in the place.

One of the successor states of Austria-Hungary after the First World War , 1914–1918, was Czechoslovakia , which claimed the German-speaking regions of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia that had been German Austria since the end of 1918 . The Treaty of St. Germain awarded the disputed territories against the will of the people of Czechoslovakia. The South Moravian town of Treskowitz, of which 99.9% of the inhabitants were German South Moravians in 1910 , also fell to the new state. During the interwar period , high unemployment among the German population, measures such as the 1919 land reform , the 1926 language ordinance, resettlements and new appointments to civil servant posts by people of Czech nationality, led to increased tensions within the ethnic groups. When the autonomy demanded by the German speakers was not negotiated, tensions between the German and Czech populations intensified. As armed conflict loomed, the Western powers caused the Czech government to cede the peripheral areas, which were regulated in the Munich Agreement , to Germany. Thus Treskowitz became part of the German Reichsgau Niederdonau from October 1, 1938 until the end of the Second World War .

In the Second World War the place had 105 victims to mourn. When Russian troops marched in in April 1945 and in the post-war period, there were riots against the civilian population and civilian deaths. After the official end of the Second World War (May 8, 1945), the territories transferred to Germany in the Munich Agreement (1939), including Treskowitz, were reassigned to Czechoslovakia based on the Treaty of Saint-Germain (1919) . Before the excesses by self-appointed - mostly non-local - Revolutionary Guards, parts of the local population fled across the nearby border to Austria. There were two deaths among the displaced. The Beneš decree 115/1946 protected against a legal review of the events. In August 1945 the victorious powers determined the post-war order in the Potsdam Communiqués (conference). The ongoing, collective expulsion of the German population was not mentioned, but an “orderly and humane transfer” of the “parts of the German population” who “remained in Czechoslovakia” was explicitly required. Between March and October 1946, 839 German South Moravians who had not yet been wildly evicted were forcibly resettled to Germany . A report by Francis E. Walter to the US House of Representatives testifies that these transports were never carried out in a “proper and humane” manner. 26 people remained in the place. All private and public property of the German local residents was confiscated by the Beneš decree 108 . The Catholic Church in the communist era expropriated . The Czech Republic has not made amends .

In accordance with the original transfer modalities of the Potsdam communique, the Red Army demanded in January 1946 that all ethnic Germans from Austria be deported to Germany. In spite of this, around 140 Treskowitzers were able to remain in Austria, and all other local residents were transferred to West Germany.

Since 2007 the place has again the status of a Městys ( minor town ).

Coat of arms and seal

In 1535 the village was granted seal rights. It showed the Latin inscription "OPPIDI.TRESOVICZ SIGILLVM" within a scroll wrapped around a Renaissance shield. The shield has three beams in the upper half. These three bars were the symbol of the Lords of Kunstadt, who were the Lords of Treskowitz for a short time during the market uprising. Despite all changes of rule in the next few centuries, the seal image remained unchanged. Only in the empty spaces around the sign were three flowers added.

Population development

census Houses Total population Ethnicity of the inhabitants
year German Czechs Other
1793 177 813
1836 210 1155
1869 217 1076
1880 228 1151 1149 2 0
1890 235 1131 1128 2 1
1900 245 1181 1154 27 0
1910 259 1253 1252 1 0
1921 263 1227 1207 6th 14th
1930 313 1359 1332 12 15th
1939 1378

Attractions

  • Parish church of St. Wenceslas, (parish mentioned in 1260), new building in 1840/41 classicistic due to dilapidation; Main altar by Leopold Kupelwieser; 5 bells; in front of it church with Trinity Chapel added in 1704, demolished in 1840. Cemetery outside.
  • H1. John of Nepomuk 1738,
  • 17th century manor,

Sons and daughters of the church

  • Michael Siebert (1724–1788), engraver, priest of the Paulan monastery, Mährisch Kromau.
  • Josef Ahmon (1822–1910), concertmaster with Johann Strauss in Vienna.
  • Hans Stefan Zechmeister (1922–1979), graphic artist and draftsman, South Moravian Culture Prize 1976.

regional customs

The town's two annual markets were held on the Monday after the fourth Sunday of Easter and after the Assumption of Mary (August 15).

literature

  • Anton Kreuzer: History of South Moravia, Volume I.
  • Franz Josef Schwoy : Topography of the Markgrafthum Moravia. 1793, Treskowitz page 424
  • Gerald Frodl: History of the market town of Dürnholz and the former domains. ... (1927)
  • Wilhelm Szegeda: Local history reading book of the Nikolsburg school district, 1935, approved teaching aid, teachers' association Pohrlitz Verlag, Treskowitz page 126
  • Franz Flassak, Josef Freising: Treskowitz in the 30-year war and in the present. 1937
  • Georg Dehio, Karl Ginhart : Handbook of German art monuments in the Ostmark. 1941, Anton Schroll & Co, Treskowitz page 463.
  • Ilse Tielsch -Felzmann: South Moravian Legends . 1969, Munich, Heimatwerk publishing house
  • Wenzel Max: Thayaland, folk songs and dances from South Moravia , 1984, Geislingen / Steige
  • Felix Bornemann: Arts and Crafts in South Moravia. 1990, Treskowitz page 36
  • Bruno Kaukal: The coats of arms and seals of the South Moravian communities. 1992
  • Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3, 2001, Treskowitz pages 245, 265.
  • Emilia Hrabovec: eviction and deportation. Germans in Moravia 1945 - 1947 , Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York / Vienna (= Vienna Eastern European Studies. Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for Eastern and South Eastern Europe), 1995 and 1996
  • Gerald Frodl, Walfried Blaschka: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ. 2006

Web links

Commons : Troskotovice  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  2. ↑ http://www.planet-wissen.de/kultur/mitteleuropa/geschichte_tschechiens/pwiedeutscheintschechien100.html
  3. ↑ Joachim Rogall: Germans and Czechs: History, Culture, Politics Verlag CH Beck, 2003. ISBN 3 406 45954 4 . Preface by Václav Havel. Chapter: The Přemyslids and the German Colonization S33 f.
  4. ^ Leopold Kleindienst: The forms of settlement, rural building and material culture in South Moravia , 1989, p. 9
  5. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: Dictionary of the South Moravian dialects . Their use in speech, song and writing. 25,000 dialect words, 620 pages self-published. 1999.
  6. ^ Gregor Wolny , Conrad Schenkl: Die Margrafschaft Maehren, Volume 2, Part 1 , 1836, s. 286
  7. ↑ Acta Publica Online search in the historical registers of the Moravian Provincial Archives Brno (cz, dt). Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  8. ↑ Hans Zuckriegl: I dream of a vine , Chapter 7, p. 263
  9. ^ Felix Ermacora : The unreached peace: St. Germain and the consequences; 1919-1989 , Amalthea Verlag, Vienna, Munich, 1989, ISBN 3-85002-279-X
  10. ^ Johann Wolfgang Brügel : Czechs and Germans 1918 - 1938 , Munich 1967
  11. ^ Walfried Blaschka, Gerald Frodl: The district of Nikolsburg from AZ , 2006
  12. ^ A b Alfred Schickel, Gerald Frodl: History of South Moravia. Volume 3. The history of the German South Moravians from 1945 to the present . South Moravian Landscape Council, Geislingen an der Steige 2001, ISBN 3-927498-27-0 , p. 246 .
  13. ^ Charles L. Mee : The Potsdam Conference 1945. The division of the booty . Wilhelm Heyne Verlag, Munich 1979. ISBN 3-453-48060-0 .
  14. ↑ Mikulov Archives: Odsun Nĕmců - transport odeslaný dne 20. kvĕtna, 1946.
  15. ^ Walter, Francis E. (1950): Expellees and Refugees of German ethnic Origin. Report of a Special Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, HR 2nd Session, Report No. 1841, Washington, March 24, 1950.
  16. ↑ Cornelia Znoy: The expulsion of the Sudeten Germans to Austria 1945/46 , diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy, Faculty of Humanities at the University of Vienna, 1995
  17. ↑ Emilia Hrabovec: Expulsion and Deportation. Germans in Moravia 1945 - 1947 , Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York / Vienna (= Vienna Eastern European Studies. Series of publications by the Austrian Institute for Eastern and South Eastern Europe), 1995 and 1996
  18. ↑ Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris Bohemiae Volume VI, p. 216