Extensor spiders
Extensor spiders | ||||||||||||
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Autumn spider ( Metellina mengei ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Tetragnathidae | ||||||||||||
Lot , 1866 |
The extensor spiders (Tetragnathidae), also called jaw spiders or thick jaw spiders (not to be confused with the genus of the same name and belonging to this family, the thick jaw spiders ( Pachygnatha )), are a family of real spiders from the superfamily of orb web spiders (Araneoideae). The family comprises 50 genera and 985 species . (As of June 2020)
It is named after the largest genus of the true extensor spiders ( Tetragnatha ) with around 330 species . The name is derived from the striking chelicerae . They are larger than the eye area and when viewed from above, they diverge well beyond the forehead. The base link is thickened and barbed. The poison claws are long and thin.
The stretch spiders build wheel nets with an open hub. Almost without exception, spiders live near water, including on coasts, moors , swamps and damp forests. The pachygnatha genus is somewhat less closely tied to moist habitats. Their species change to a netless and hunting way of life in adulthood.
Native genera and species
The spider family is rich in species in the tropics and is also widespread in the subtropics . The following genera and species occur in Central Europe:
- Cave wheel web spiders ( Meta C. L. Koch , 1836 )
- Autumn spiders ( Metellina Chamberlin & Ivie , 1941 )
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Thick jaw spiders ( Pachygnatha Sundevall , 1823 )
- Pachygnatha clercki ( Sundevall , 1823) - Holoarctic
- Pachygnatha clerckoides (Wunderlich , 1985) - Balkans
- Pachygnatha degeeri (Sundevall , 1830) - Palearctic
- Pachygnatha listeri (Sundevall , 1830) - Palearctic
- Pachygnatha terilis (Thaler , 1991) - Switzerland, Austria, Italy
- True extensor spiders ( Tetragnatha Latreille , 1804 )
Systematics
The World Spider Catalog currently lists 50 genera and 982 species for the spider spiders. (As of June 2020)
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Alcimosphenus Simon , 1895
- Alcimosphenus licinus Simon , 1895
- Allende Álvarez-Padilla , 2007
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Antillognatha Bryant , 1945
- Antillognatha lucida Bryant , 1945
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Atelidea Simon , 1895
- Atelidea spinosa Simon , 1895
- Azilia Keyserling , 1881
- Chrysometa Simon , 1894
- Cyrtognatha Keyserling , 1881
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Dianleucauge Song & Zhu , 1994
- Dianleucauge deelemanae Song & Zhu , 1994
- Diphya Nicolet , 1849
- Dolichognatha O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1869
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Doryonychus Simon , 1900
- Doryonychus raptor Simon , 1900
- Dyschiriognatha Simon , 1893
- Glenognatha Simon , 1887
- Guizygiella Zhu, Kim & Song , 1997
- Harlanethis Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga , 2020
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Hispanognatha Bryant , 1945
- Hispanognatha guttata Bryant , 1945
- Homalometa Simon , 1897
- Iamarra Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga , 2020
- Leucauge White , 1841
- Mecynometa Simon , 1894
- Mesida Kulczyński , 1911
- Meta C. L. Koch , 1836
- Metabus O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1899
- Metellina Chamberlin & Ivie , 1941
- Metleucauge Levi , 1980
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Mitoscelis Thorell , 1890
- Mitoscelis aculeata Thorell , 1890
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Mollemeta Álvarez-Padilla , 2007
- Mollemeta edwardsi (Simon , 1904)
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Nanningia Zhu, Kim & Song , 1997
- Nanningia zhangi Zhu, Kim & Song , 1997
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Nanometa Simon , 1908
- Nanometa gentilis Simon , 1908
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Neoprolochus Reimoser , 1927
- Neoprolochus jacobsoni Reimoser , 1927
- Okileucauge Tanikawa , 2001
- Opadometa Archer , 1951
- Grandpas O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1896
- Orsinome Thorell , 1890
- Pachygnatha Sundevall , 1823
- Parameta Simon , 1895
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Parazilia Lessert , 1938
- Parazilia strandi Lessert , 1938
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Pholcipes Schmidt & Krause , 1993
- Pholcipes bifurcochelis Schmidt & Krause , 1993
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Pickardinella Archer , 1951
- Pickardinella setigera (FO Pickard-Cambridge , 1903)
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Pinkfloydia Dimitrov & Hormiga , 2011
- Pinkfloydia harveii Dimitrov & Hormiga , 2011
- Sancus Tullgren , 1910
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Schenkeliella Strand , 1934
- Schenkeliella spinosa (O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1870)
- Taraire Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga , 2020
- Tawhai Álvarez-Padilla, Kallal & Hormiga , 2020
- Tetragnatha Latreille , 1804
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Timonoe Thorell , 1898
- Timonoe argenteozonata Thorell , 1898
- Tylorida Simon , 1894
- Wolongia Zhu, Kim & Song , 1997
- Zhinu Kallal & Hormiga , 2018
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Zygiometella Wunderlich , 1995
- Zygiometella perlongipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1872)
No longer as independent genera in this family:
- Eryciniolia Beach , 1912 was made synonymous with Nanometa in 2020 . Their only kind Eryciniolia purpurapunctata (Urquhart , 1889) is now called Nanometa purpurapunctata .
- Menosira Chikuni , 1955 has been a synonym for Metella since 2018 . The only species of the formerly monotypic genus, Menosira ornata Chikuni , 1955 , is now called Metella ornata .
- Prolochus Thorell , 1895 has been a synonym for Dolichognatha since 2018 . The species Prolochus junlitjri and Prolochus longiceps are now known as Dolichognatha junlitjri and Dolichognatha longiceps .
Web links
Tetragnathidae in the World Spider Catalog
literature
- Heiko Bellmann: Spinning: observing - determining. Naturbuch Verlag, Augsburg 1992, ISBN 3-89440-064-1 .
- A. Hänggi, E. Stöckli & W. Nentwig: Habitats of Central European Spiders. Miscellanea Faunistica Helvetiae 4. Neuchatel / Bern 1995, ISBN 2-88414-008-5 .
- S. Heimer & W. Nentwig: Spiders of Central Europe. Paul Parey, Berlin 1991, ISBN 3-489-53534-0 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Natural History Museum of the Burgergemeinde Bern: World Spider Catalog Version 17.0 - Tetragnathidae . Retrieved June 15, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e A. Álvarez-Padilla, RJ Kallal & G. Hormiga: Taxonomy and phylogenetics of Nanometinae and other Australasian orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 438, pp. 1–107, 2020 doi: 10.1206 / 0003-0090.438.1.1
- ↑ a b c R. J. Kallal & G. Hormiga: An expanded molecular phylogeny of metaine spiders (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) with description of new taxa from Taiwan and the Philippines. Invertebrate Systematics, 32, 2, pp. 400-422, 2018. doi: 10.1071 / IS17058 .